Sleep, Hormones, and Circadian Rhythms throughout the Menstrual Cycle in Healthy Women and Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Table 1

The variation of sleep across the menstrual cycle.

Authors [Reference]	Year	Sample size	Menstrual phases studied	Significant effect of menstrual phase	Significant effects in PMDD (versus NC)
Parry et al. [45]	1989	𝑛=8 healthy𝑛=8 PMS	early-FP	In healthy and PMS: variation of stage 3 (min) and intermittent awakening across  cycle	↑ stage 2 (%) across cycle
			late-FP
			early-LP		↓ REM (min, %) across cycle
			late-LP
Lee et al. [46]	1990	𝑛=6 healthy	FP	none	↓ SWS (%) at both phases
		𝑛=7 symptomatic	LP		↓ latency to stage 1 in LP
Ito et al. [47]	1993	𝑛=7 healthy	menses	↓ SWS (min) during early-LP and late-LP	N/A
			late-FP
			early-LP
			late-LP
Ishizuka et al. [48]	1994	𝑛=5 healthy	3 nights/week across full cycle	↑ SFA during late-LP	N/A
Driver et al. [49]	1996	𝑛=9 healthy	menses	↑ NREM (%) during LP	N/A
			early-FP
			mid-FP	↑ stage 2 (%) during LP
			late-FP
			ovulation	↓ REM (% NREM-REM cycle duration) during LP
			early-LP
			mid-LP	↑ SFA during LP
			late-LP
Chuong et al. [50]	1997	𝑛=6 healthy𝑛=3 PMS	mid-FP	none	none
			ovulation
			mid-LP
Baker et al. [51]	1999	𝑛=10 healthy	menses mid-FP mid-LP	↓ REM (%) during mid-LP versus mid-FP ↓ latency to stage 3 during mid-LP versus menses	N/A
Parry et al. [52]	1999	𝑛=18 healthy𝑛=23 PMDD	mid-FPlate-LP	In healthy and PMDD: ↑ ROL, ↓ stage 3 (min and %), and ↓ REM (min) during late-LPIn healthy: ↑ stage 1 (min, %) during late-LP	none
Shibui et al. [37]	2000	𝑛=8 healthy	FP	↑ number of SWS-containing naps during LP	N/A
			LP
Baker et al. [43]	2001	𝑛=9 healthy	mid-FP	none	N/A
			mid-LP
Baker et al. [53]	2002	𝑛=13 healthy	mid-FP	↓ REM (%) during mid-LP	N/A
			mid-LP	↑ SWS (%) during mid-LP
Driver et al. [54]	2005	𝑛=11 healthy	FPLP	↑ stage 2 (%) during LP	N/A
Baker et al. [55]	2007	𝑛=12 healthy𝑛=9 PMS/PMDD	mid-FP late-LP	In healthy and PMS:↑ WASO (min), ↑ microaraousals/hour, and ↑ SFA during late-LP	↑ ROL (min) at both phases
Lamarche et al. [56]	2007	𝑛=8 healthy𝑛=10 PMS	FP late-LP	In healthy and PMS: ↑ stage 2 (%),↓ SWS (%), and ↓ REM (%) during late-LP	none

PMS: premenstrual syndrome; PMDD: premenstrual dysphoric disorder; FP: follicular phase; LP: luteal phase; REM: rapid eye movement sleep; ROL: REM onset latency; NREM: non-REM sleep; SWS: slow wave sleep; SFA: spindle frequency activity; WASO: wake after sleep onset.