Sleep, Hormones, and Circadian Rhythms throughout the Menstrual Cycle in Healthy Women and Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Table 2

The variation of hormonal rhythms across the menstrual cycle.

Authors [Reference]	Year	Sample size	Frequency of sampling	Hormones sampled	Menstrual phases studied	Significant effect of menstrual phase	Significant effects in PMDD (versus NC)
Steiner et al. [57]	1984	𝑛=2 healthy	2x/hour for 24-hours	plasma cortisol	FP	none	none
		𝑛=2 PMS		plasma PRL	LP
Webley and Leidenberger [58]	1986	𝑛=10 healthy	1x/4-hour for 24-hours	plasma melatonin	FP	↑ melatonin during LP	N/A
					LP
Brun et al. [59]	1987	𝑛=9 healthy	1x/night	urinary immunoreactive melatonin	across full cycle	↑ melatonin during LP	N/A
Brzezinski et al. [60]	1988	𝑛=14 healthy	1x/2-hour for 24-hours	Plasma melatonin plasma PRL	early-FP	none	N/A
					ovulation
					mid-LP
Berga and Yen [61]	1990	𝑛=10 healthy	1x/hour in daytime 2x/hour in nighttime	Plasma melatonin	early-FP	none	N/A
					late-FP
					mid-LP
					late-LP
Parry et al. [62]	1990	𝑛=8 healthy 𝑛=8 PMS	2x/hour for 27-hours	plasma melatonin	early-FP	none	↓ melatonin AUC ↓ melatonin duration melatonin phase-advanced
					late-FP
					mid-LP
					late-LP
Ito et al. [47]	1993	𝑛=4 healthy	1x/hour for 24-hours	plasma melatonin	menses	none	N/A
					late-FP
					early-LP
					late-LP
Parry et al. [63]	1994	𝑛=11 healthy 𝑛=21 PMDD	2x/hour for 27-hours	plasma cortisol	mid-FPlate-LP	In healthy: cortisol phase-delayed in late- LP	↑ PRL amplitude at both phases↑ PRL peak at both phases
				plasma PRL plasma TSH
Cagnacci et al. [35]	1996	𝑛=7 healthy	4x/hour for 24-hours	plasma melatonin	FP	melatonin phase-delay during LP	N/A
					LP
Parry et al. [64]	1996	𝑛=18 healthy 𝑛=23 PMDD	2x/hour for 27-hours	plasma TSH plasma PRL	mid-FPlate-LP	none	↑ PRL peak at both phases TSH phase-advanced at both phases
Parry et al. [65]	1997	𝑛=11 healthy 𝑛=21 PMDD	2x/hour for 27-hours	plasma melatonin	mid-FPlate-LP	In PMDD:↓ AUC,↓ amplitude,↓ duration, delayed onset during late-LP	↓ AUC at both phases
							↓ mean levels at both phases
Bloch et al. [66]	1998	𝑛=10 healthy 𝑛=10 PMS	1x/day	plasma cortisol	early-FP	none	none
					mid-FP
					late-FP
					ovulation
					early-LP
					mid-FP
					late-FP
Wright and Badia [67]	1999	𝑛=25 healthy	1x/hour for 24-hours	salivary melatonin	FP	none	N/A
					LP
Shibui et al. [37]	2000	𝑛=8 healthy	1x/hour for 24-hours	Plasma melatonin plasma cortisol plasma TSH	FPLP	↓ melatonin AUC during LP	N/A
						↓ cortisol amplitude during LP
						↓ TSH amplitude during LP
						TSH phase-delay during LP
Parry et al. [68]	2000	𝑛=15 healthy	2x/hour for 27-hours	plasma cortisol	mid-FP	In healthy: cortisol phase-advanced in LP	none
		𝑛=15 PMDD			late-LP

PMS: premenstrual syndrome; PMDD: premenstrual dysphoric disorder; FP: follicular phase; LP: luteal phase; PRL, prolactin; TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone; AUC: area under the curve.