Research Article
Bird Species Abundance and Their Correlationship with Microclimate and Habitat Variables at Natural Wetland Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia
Table 1
Relative abundance of bird species recorded at three habitats of Paya Indah Wetland Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia.
| Family name | Scientific name | Common name | No. of observations with habitat | Marsh swamp | Lotus swamp | Open water body | Observation | % of all detection | Observation | % of all detection | Observation | % of all detection |
| Rallidae | Porphyrio porphyrio | Purple swamphen | 798 | 9.14 | 78 | 0.89 | 25 | 0.29 | Pycnonotidae | Pycnonotus goiavier | Yellow-vented bulbul | 690 | 7.91 | 101 | 1.16 | 129 | 1.48 | Columbidae | Treron vernans | Pink-necked green pigeon | 614 | 7.03 | 150 | 1.72 | 90 | 1.03 | Columbidae | Geopelia striata | Peaceful dove | 462 | 5.29 | 101 | 1.16 | 84 | 0.96 | Columbidae | Streptopelia chinensis | Spotted dove | 386 | 4.42 | 56 | 0.64 | 67 | 0.77 | Hirundinidae | Hirundo tahitica | Pacific swallow | 208 | 2.38 | 39 | 0.45 | 85 | 0.97 | Rallidae | Amaurornis phoenicurus | White-breasted waterhen | 200 | 2.29 | 38 | 0.44 | 25 | 0.29 | Ploceidae | Ploceus philippinus | Baya weaver | 173 | 1.98 | 7 | 0.08 | 52 | 0.60 | Sturnidae | Acridotheres tristis | Common myna | 166 | 1.90 | 17 | 0.19 | 51 | 0.58 | Ardeidae | Ardea purpurea | Purple heron | 164 | 1.88 | 52 | 0.60 | 22 | 0.25 | Ardeidae | Ixobrychus sinensis | Yellow bittern | 162 | 1.86 | 42 | 0.48 | 11 | 0.13 | Sturnidae | Acridotheres fuscus | Jungle myna | 154 | 1.76 | 15 | 0.17 | 117 | 1.34 | Alcedinidae | Halcyon smyrnensis | White-throated kingfisher | 128 | 1.47 | 51 | 0.58 | 42 | .48 | Estrildidae | Lonchura punctulata | Scaly-breasted munia | 125 | 1.43 | 36 | 0.41 | 49 | 0.56 | Estrildidae | Lonchura malacca | Black-headed munia | 122 | 1.40 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.03 | Sturnidae | Aplonis panayensis | Philippine glossy starling | 116 | 1.33 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 0.27 | Motacillidae | Anthus richardi | Richard’s pipit | 114 | 1.31 | 1 | 0.01 | 26 | 0.30 | Passeridae | Passer montanus | Eurasian tree sparrow | 94 | 1.08 | 8 | 0.09 | 1 | 0.01 | Charadriidae | Vanellus indicus | Red-wattled lapwing | 93 | 1.07 | 8 | 0.09 | 41 | 0.47 | Aegithinidae | Aegithina viridissima | Green iora | 89 | 1.02 | 17 | 0.19 | 7 | 0.08 | Turdidae | Copsychus saularis | Oriental magpie robin | 84 | 0.96 | 19 | 0.22 | 13 | 0.15 | Meropidae | Merops philippinus | Blue-tailed bee-eater | 68 | 0.80 | 37 | 0.42 | 142 | 1.63 | Rhipiduridae | Rhipidura javanica | Pied fantail | 65 | 0.74 | 23 | 0.26 | 8 | 0.09 | Cisticolidae | Prinia flaviventris | Yellow-bellied prinia | 65 | 0.74 | 21 | 0.24 | 20 | 0.23 | Laniidae | Lanius cristatus | Brown shrike | 64 | 0.73 | 16 | 0.18 | 12 | 0.14 | Rallidae | Gallinula chloropus | Common moorhen | 61 | 0.70 | 28 | 0.32 | 6 | 0.07 | Oriolidae | Oriolus chinensis | Black-napped oriole | 59 | 0.68 | 11 | 0.13 | 14 | 0.16 | Cuculidae | Centropus bengalensis | Lesser coucal | 48 | 0.55 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0.14 | Sturnidae | Acridotheres grandis | White-vented myna | 44 | 0.50 | 7 | 0.08 | 6 | 0.07 | Anatidae | Dendrocygna javanica | Lesser whistling duck | 37 | 0.42 | 0 | 0 | 199 | 2.28 | Ardeidae | Ixobrychus cinnamomeus | Cinnamon bittern | 28 | 0.32 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0.07 | Aegithinidae | Aegithina tiphia | Common iora | 28 | 0.32 | 3 | 0.03 | 5 | 0.06 | Picidae | Dinopium javanense | Common flameback | 27 | 0.31 | 10 | 0.11 | 3 | 0.03 | Sylviidae | Acrocephalus orientalis | Oriental reed warbler | 24 | 0.27 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.01 | Rallidae | Porzana cinerea | White-browed crake | 24 | 0.27 | 5 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | Phasianidae | Gallus gallus | Red jungle-fowl | 21 | 0.24 | 8 | 0.09 | 7 | 0.08 | Ardeidae | Butorides striatus | Little heron | 20 | 0.23 | 3 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | Campephagidae | Lalage nigra | Pied triller | 19 | 0.22 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0.08 | Columbidae | Treron bicincta | Orange-breasted green pigeon | 17 | 0.19 | 15 | 0.17 | 0 | 0 | Sylviidae | Orthotomus ruficeps | Ashy tailorbird | 14 | 0.16 | 4 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | Ardeidae | Nycticorax nycticorax | Black-crowned nightheron | 13 | 0.15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Nectariniidae | Nectarinia jugularis | Olive-backed sunbird | 13 | 0.15 | 1 | 0.01 | 2 | 0.02 | Cuculidae | Cacomantis merulinus | Plaintive cuckoo | 12 | 0.14 | 13 | 0.15 | 0 | 0 | Anatidae | Nettapus coromandelianus | Cotton pygmy goose | 11 | 0.13 | 1 | 0.01 | 81 | 0.93 | Meropidae | Merops viridis | Blue-throated bee-eater | 10 | 0.10 | 9 | 0.10 | 0 | 0 | Scolopacidae | Gallinago stenura | Pintail snipe | 10 | 0.10 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.02 | Nectariniidae | Anthreptes malacensis | Brown-throated sunbird | 8 | 0.09 | 3 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | Corvidae | Corvus macrorhynchos | Large-billed crow | 8 | 0.09 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 | Columbidae | Treron olax | Little green pigeon | 8 | 0.09 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | Estrildidae | Lonchura maja | White-headed munia | 8 | 0.09 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Turnicidae | Turnix suscitator | Barred button quail | 7 | 0.08 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | Ardeidae | Ardea cinerea | Grey heron | 7 | 0.08 | 4 | 0.05 | 1 | 0.01 | Sylviidae | Orthotomus sutorius | Common tailorbird | 6 | 0.07 | 2 | 0.02 | 3 | 0.03 | Pycnonotidae | Pycnonotus plumosus | Olive-winged bulbul | 6 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Sylviidae | Orthotomus sericeus | Rufous-tailed tailorbird | 6 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Ardeidae | Ixobrychus eurhythmus | Schrenck’s bittern | 6 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.01 | Cuculidae | Chrysococcyx minutillus | Little bronze cuckoo | 5 | 0.06 | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | 0.02 | Cisticolidae | Cisticola juncidis | Zitting cisticola | 5 | 0.06 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0.06 | Accipitridae | Elanus caeruleus | Black-shoulder kite | 4 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Coraciidae | Eurystomus orientalis | Dollar bird | 4 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Ardeidae | Egretta alba | Great egret | 4 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Cuculidae | Centropus sinensis | Greater coucal | 4 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.02 | Ardeidae | Egretta garzetta | Little egret | 4 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Pachycephalidae | Pachycephala grisola | Mangrove whistler | 4 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.01 | Nectariniidae | Anthreptes simplex | Plain sunbird | 4 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Rallidae | Gallicrex cinerea | Water cock | 4 | 0.05 | 1 | 0.01 | 3 | 0.03 | Rallidae | Porzana pusilla | Baillon’s crake | 3 | 0.03 | 11 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | Nectariniidae | Aethopyga saturata | Black-throated sunbird | 3 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Caprimulgidae | Caprimulgus affinis | Savanna nightjar | 3 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.01 | Muscicapidae | Muscicapa dauurica | Asian brown flycatcher | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | Alcedinidae | Alcedo atthis | Common kingfisher | 2 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | Sturnidae | Gracula religiosa | Hill myna | 2 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Caprimulgidae | Caprimulgus macrurus | Large-tailed nightjar | 2 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.01 | Podicipedidae | Tachybaptus ruficollis | Little grebe | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | 0.02 | 7 | 0.08 | Laniidae | Lanius schach | Long-tailed shrike | 2 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | Dicruridae | Dicrurus leucophaeus | Ashy drongo | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Accipitridae | Aviceda leuphotes | Black baza | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.01 | Phasianidae | Coturnix chinensis | Blue-breasted quail | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.02 | Corvidae | Corvus splendens | House crow | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.03 | Sylviidae | Phylloscopus inornatus | Inornate warbler | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Nectariniidae | Arachnothera longirostra | Little spiderhunter | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | Jacanidae | Hydrophasianus chirurgus | Pheasant-tailed jacana | 1 | 0.01 | 6 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | Sylviidae | Locustella certhiola | Rusty-rumped warbler | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | Picidae | Picumnus innominatus | Speckled piculet | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Scolopacidae | Tringa. hypoleucos | Common sandpiper | 0 | 0.01 | 2 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | Picidae | Celeus brachyurus | Rufous woodpecker | 0 | 0.00 | 2 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | Columbidae | Treron curvirostra | Thick-billed green Pigeon | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | Nectariniidae | Nectarinia calcostetha | Copper-throated sunbird | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | Campephagidae | Pericrocotus divaricatus | Ashy minivet | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.03 |
| Total | 6086 | | 1097 | | 1545 | |
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