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Disease/Infection | Causative agent | Geographical distribution | Ocular findings |
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Angiostrongyliasis | Angiostrongylus cantonensis | Southeast Asia, Pacific region, eastern Australia | Blurred vision and poor visual acuity |
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Bancroftian and Brugian filariasis | W. bancrofti, B. malayi | Southeast Asia | Retinal vasculities, decreased vision and panuveitis with secondary glaucoma |
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Baylisascariasis | Baylisascaris procyonis | Few records in US, Japan, Germany | Vision loss, transient visual obscuration, and diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis |
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Dirofilariasis | Dirofilaria repens | Europe, Asia and Africa | Pain, oedema, and congestion of the conjunctiva, diplopia, foreign body sensation in the eye |
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Loiasis | Loa loa | Central and West Africa | Conjunctival congestion and pain with movement of the eye. May affect vision transiently. Retinal hemorrhages and perivascular inflammation |
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Onchocerciasis | Onchocerca volvulus | Tropical Africa, South America, and the Arabian peninsula | Chorioretinitis, keratitis, uveitis, corneal opacification, neovascularisation, blindness |
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Thelaziasis | Thelazia callipaeda | Asian Pacific region | Epiphora, conjunctivitis, keratitis, corneal opacity and ulcers |
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Toxocariasis | Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati | Wide spread | Peripheral white mass is often visible in affected eyes |
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Trichinosis
| Trichinella spiralis | Central and eastern Europe, united States | Oedema around the eye, conjunctivitis and exophthalmoses |
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