|
Sensing technology | Characteristics (/) | References |
|
Infrastructural sensing techniques | | |
|
Infrared sensors (passive and active) | Vehicle class and speed information acquisition is possible | [10, 11] |
Multilane operation possible (active sensors) |
Susceptible to bad weather conditions |
Regular cleaning required (active sensors) |
|
Camera-based systems | High detection and classification accuracy | [6, 7] |
Privacy and authorization issues |
Susceptible to bad weather and light conditions |
|
In-pavement sensors (inductive, piezoelectric, and strain) | High detection accuracy with axle counting | [8, 9] |
Invasive and costly installation due to in-pavement integration |
|
Directional high-end radar sensors | Multilane multiobject traffic participant detection | [10, 12, 13] |
Directional and velocity information |
Cost and complexity of solutions |
|
Top-down ultrasonic and radar sensors | Low cost and simple mode of operation | [10, 14–18] |
Only single-lane operation |
Mounting above lane required, for example, on sensor gantry |
|
Proposed sidefire ultrasonic sensing | Multilane operation possible | |
Sidefire mounting allows seamless integration into environment |
No directional information available in sidefire configuration |
|
User-based distributed traffic monitoring techniques | | |
|
Crowdsourcing systems (smartphones and navigation devices) | High number of devices | [21–23] |
Privacy concerns |
Susceptibility to attacks and data manipulation |
|
V2X-based cooperative systems | Combination with in-vehicle information and decisions | [24] |
Low support and prevalence |
|