Pathogenesis of Chronic Hyperglycemia: From Reductive Stress to Oxidative Stress

Figure 1

The conventional pathways that generate NADH by breaking down glucose via glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. The enzymes involved in NADH/NAD⁺ recycling are shown. *DLDH stands for dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase and is the component in each given enzyme complex that actually makes NADH from NAD⁺ [191].