Pathogenesis of Chronic Hyperglycemia: From Reductive Stress to Oxidative Stress

<table>NADH oxidation by complex I in the electron transport chain. Electrons from NADH are transported via CoQ and cytochrome c to molecular oxygen. This process involves proton pumping that is tightly linked to superoxide production. ATP synthesis by complex V driven by the proton gradient is also shown.</table>

Journal of Diabetes Research

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Figure 2

Figure 2: Pathogenesis of Chronic Hyperglycemia: From Reductive Stress to Oxidative Stress 