Pathogenesis of Chronic Hyperglycemia: From Reductive Stress to Oxidative Stress

<table>Hyperglycemia induces overproduction of NADH and mitochondrial ROS that inhibit GAPDH activity. This inhibition then activates the alternative glucose metabolic pathways, which further produce ROS involved in glucotoxicity that is responsible for the development of diabetes and diabetic complications. ETC: electron transport chain.</table>

Journal of Diabetes Research

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Figure 4

Figure 4: Pathogenesis of Chronic Hyperglycemia: From Reductive Stress to Oxidative Stress 