Review Article
Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy: Why Should Cardiologists Care about That?
Table 1
Prevalence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in different studies.
| Reference | Year | N of subjects | Type of DM | Population | Diagnosis tests for CAN | Criteria applied | CAN prevalence (%) |
| O’Brien [44] | 1991 | 506 | Type 1 | Mean age 45 years, mean DM duration 15 years | HRV: rest, deep breathing, Valsalva, lying to standing | 2 or more test positive | 17 |
| Ziegler [59] | 1992 | 647 524 | Type 1 | | HRV: coefficient of variations, spectral analysis, Valsalva, lying to standing | 3 or more test positive | 25.3 | 524 | Type 2 | 34.3 |
| Kennedy [60] | 1995 | 290 | Type 1 | Potential recipients of a pancreas transplant | Deep breathing | Single test positive | 90 | Valsalva | 88 |
| Kempler [12] | 2002 | 3007 | Type 1 | Mean age 32 years, mean DM duration 14 years | HR lying to standing, postural BP | Single test positive | 36 |
| Gaede [2] | 2003 | 160 | Type 2 | Mean age 55 years, HbA1c 8.8% at baseline | Deep breathing, postural BP | Single test positive | 27.5 |
| Low [61] | 2004 | 83 | Type 1 | | Sudomotor axon-reflex test, Valsalva, BP and HR response to standing, deep breathing | 2 or more test positive | 54 | 148 | Type 2 | 73 |
| Pop-Busui [5] | 2010 | 620 | Type 1—intensive treatment group | Mean age 47 years, mean DM duration 26 years | Deep breathing, Valsalva, postural BP | 2 or more test positive | 29 | 591 | Type 1—conventional treatment group | 35 |
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DM: diabetes mellitus; CAN: cardiac autonomic neuropathy; HRV: heart rate variability; BP: blood pressure; HR: heart rate.
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