Effect of a Nurse-Led Diabetes Self-Management Education Program on Glycosylated Hemoglobin among Adults with Type 2 Diabetes
Table 2
Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures for primary and secondary outcomes.
Model
Intervention mean (SD)
Control mean (SD)
Significance
value
value
Effect size (Eta square)
HbA1c
9.3 (1.06)
8.6 (1.01)
7.9 (0.93)
9.3 (1.1)
9.3 (1.1)
9.3 (1.1)
Group
14.5
0.09
Time
277.6
0.66
Group × time
289.5
0.67
Systolic blood pressure
130.7 (9.4)
129.3 (9.1)
127.8 (9)
133.9 (12.3)
133.7 (12.1)
133.3 (12)
Group
5.9
0.01
0.04
Time
59.1
0.29
Group × time
25.7
0.15
Diastolic blood pressure
85.8 (0.69)
84.7 (0.67)
83.4 (0.65)
87.3 (0.69)
87.3 (0.67)
87.1 (0.65)
Group
7.4
0.05
Time
61.3
0.30
Group × time
39.3
0.21
Weight
82.58 (11.08)
82.21 (11.09)
82 (10.89)
83.75 (10.93)
83.77 (10.91)
83.82 (10.89)
Group
0.68
0.41
0.01
Time
4.69
0.01
0.03
Group × time
7.17
0.01
0.04
BMI
28.69 (3.2)
28.54 (3.2)
28.55 (3.2)
28.87 (3.4)
28.87 (3.4)
29.89 (3.4)
Group
0.24
0.62
0.01
Time
2.59
0.07
0.01
Group × time
3.18
0.04
0.02
Triglyceride
142.83 (34.4)
141.66 (33.9)
140.90 (33.7)
142.09 (35.7)
142.04 (35.6)
142.01 (35.6)
Group
0.00
0.96
0.01
Time
40.41
0.22
Group × time
33.82
0.19
Cholesterol
173.1 (45.4)
171.3 (43.8)
169.09 (43.1)
171.9 (48.4)
170.7 (47.02)
171.88 (46.8)
Group
0.006
0.93
0.01
Time
3.15
0.06
0.02
Group × time
0.10
0.82
0.01
LDL
95.89 (30.04)
95.59 (28.4)
93.95 (27.9)
92.68 (25.6)
93.06 (25.4)
94.15 (25)
Group
0.16
0.68
0.01
Time
0.15
0.85
0.01
Group × time
5.62
0.22
0.39
HDL
53.68 (12.8)
54.72 (11.6)
55.38 (11.8)
53.21 (12.4)
53.21 (12.5)
52.76 (12.6)
Group
0.55
0.45
0.01
Time
2.66
0.28
0.01
Group × time
6.94
0.94
0.04
Efficacy expectation
98.35 (13.95)
113.47 (11.07)
123.47 (11.31)
98.06 (17.47)
99.77 (14.48)
98.44 (15.69)
Group
34.3
0.19
Time
152.2
0.52
Group × time
138.7
0.49
Outcome expectation
57.80 (7.11)
62.85 (5.50)
66.79 (5.35)
58.11 (7.50)
58.04 (7.33)
58.16 (7.23)
Group
16.15
0.10
Time
150.81
0.51
Group × time
147.61
0.51
DSMB
3.56 (1.22)
4.67 (1)
5.41 (1.15)
3.71 (1.40)
3.67 (1.37)
3.73 (1.40)
Group
16.7
0.10
Time
228.5
0.62
Group × time
221.6
0.61
QOL
50.42 (9.17)
50.76 (9.06)
50.67 (9.04)
50.69 (8.90)
50.34 (8.83)
50.39 (8.71)
Group
0.00
0.92
0.01
Time
0.07
0.86
0.01
Group × time
10.5
0.07
Social support
52.63 (9.31)
54.33 (9.42)
55.37 (9.61)
55.83 (12.11)
55.82 (12.63)
55.91 (12.75)
Group
0.88
0.34
0.01
Time
43.6
0.23
Group × time
39.3
0.21
Depression
12.15 (4.99)
11.98 (4.97)
11.95 (5.03)
12.76 (4.66)
12.84 (4.61)
12.91 (4.50)
Group
1
0.31
0.01
Time
0.51
0.55
0.01
Group × time
9.33
0.10
0.06
Note: Group: test of between-subject effects; Time: test of within-subject effect; Group × time: interaction between group by time; SD: standard deviation; : baseline measurement; : 3-month measurement; : 6-month measurement; DSMB: diabetes self-management behavior; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; BMI: body mass index; QOL: quality of life; Primary outcome: HbA1c. To interpret effect sizes, 0.02 be considered a “small magnitude,” 0.15 be considered a “medium magnitude,” and 0.35 be considered a “large magnitude” [52].
