Review on Pervaporation: Theory, Membrane Performance, and Application to Intensification of Esterification Reaction

Table 3

Comparison of results of esterification reaction with and without pervaporation.

Esterification system	Catalyst/membrane	Without pervaporation	With pervaporation	Reference
Benzyl alcohol and acetic acid	p-Toluenesulfonic acid, GFT membrane (GFT PERVAP 1005)	Conversion of acetic acid = 0.45	Conversion of acetic acid = 0.6	[44]
Ethanol and acetic acid	HCl, hydrophilic membrane	Equilibrium conversion = 0.6	Equilibrium conversion = 0.82	[128]
Ethanol and lactic acid	Amberlyst 15, PERVAP 2201	Conversion of lactic acid = 0.21	Conversion of lactic acid = 0.88	[16]
Lactic acid and ethanol	Amberlyst 15 ion exchange resin, organic-inorganic hybrid membrane	Yield of ethyl lactate = 66% [wt]	Yield of ethyl lactate = 80% [wt]	[73]
Acetic acid and n-butyl alcohol	Zr[SO4]2·4H2O, PVA/ceramic composite membrane	Conversion of n-butanol = 0.65	Conversion of n-butanol = 0.89	[87]
Acrylic acid and n-butanol	Amberlyst 131, PERVAP 2201	Conversion of acrylic acid = 0.68	Conversion of acrylic acid = 0.96	[129]
Oleic acid and ethanol	Amberlyst 15, hydrophilic poly[vinyl alcohol]	Yield of ethyl oleate = 23%	Yield of ethyl oleate = 50%	[130]
Acetic acid with isopropanol	Amberlyst 15, PVA membrane, PERVAP 2201	Mole fraction of isopropyl acetate = 0.3	Mole fraction of isopropyl acetate = 0.61	[38]
Lactic acid with ethanol	Amberlyst XN-1010, water selective membrane	Conversion of lactic acid = 0.5	Conversion of lactic acid = 0.82	[131]
Acetic acid and ethanol	Sulfuric acid, polymeric/ceramic composite membrane	Conversion of acetic acid = 0.72	Conversion of acetic acid = 0.81	[100]
Lactic acid with ethanol	Amberlyst XN-1010, GFT-1005	Conversion of lactic acid = 0.522	Conversion of lactic acid = 0.712	[19]
Lactic acid with isopropanol	Sulfuric acid, PVA-PES composite membrane	Conversion of lactic acid = 0.51	Conversion of lactic acid = 0.86	[132]
Lactic acid with n-butanol	Sulfuric acid, PVA-PES composite membrane	Conversion of lactic acid = 0.66	Conversion of lactic acid = 0.88	[133]
Acetic acid and ethanol	Dowex50, PVA-PVP incorporating PMA mixed matrix membrane	Conversion of acetic acid = 0.264	Conversion of acetic acid = 0.6065	[134]
Acetic acid with ethanol	Amberlyst 15, polydimethylsiloxane membrane	Conversion of acetic acid = 0.57	Conversion of acetic acid = 0.65	[42]
	Sulfuric acid, polydimethylsiloxane membrane	Conversion of acetic acid = 0.63	Conversion of acetic acid = 0.71