Alternative Methods of Vaccine Delivery: An Overview of Edible and Intradermal Vaccines

Table 4

Edible and intradermal vaccines: pros and cons.

Route of administration	Host	Pros	Cons
Edible	Plant	Mucosal and systemic immunities, scale-up production, stable transformation, transient transformation, no antigen purification, long-term storage at RT, antigen bioencapsulation, no microbial contaminations	Lack of a proper dosing strategy, improper glycosylation, low antigen expression yields, unstable antigen expression
	Algae	Mucosal and systemic immunities, scale-up production (bioreactors), fast biomass accumulation, easy stable transformation, antigen bioencapsulation, long-term storage at RT	Improper glycosylation, low antigen expression yields
	Insect	Mucosal and systemic immunities, cotranslational modifications, posttranslational modifications, high antigen expression yields, antigen bioencapsulation, stable transformation, transient transformation, high immunogenicity	Improper glycosylation; further studies are needed; cultural barrier
	Yeast	Mucosal and systemic immunities, posttranslational modifications, antigen bioencapsulation, high immunogenicity	Inaccurate glycosylation; further studies are needed
	LAB	Mucosal and systemic immunities, antigen bioencapsulation, high immunogenicity	Possible transfer of antibiotic selection markers
Intradermal		Mucosal and systemic immunities, no systemic side effects, dose sparing, storage at room temperature	Trained personnel for administration, local reactogenicity

LAB: lactic acid bacteria; RT: room temperature.