Incidence, Predictors, and Outcome of Paravalvular Leak after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of patients based on the severity of PVL.

Clinical characteristics		All (n = 256)	≥mild PVL (n = 75)	<mild PVL (n = 181)	p value
Age (year)		74 ± 6	73.68 ± 5.89	74.17 ± 6.19	0.56
Female gender		111 (43.4%)	29 (38.7%)	82 (45.3%)	0.33
Body mass index		22.12 ± 3.44	21.88 ± 3.30	22.35 ± 3.59	0.33
STS SCORE		8.01 ± 4.4	8.1 ± 4.01	7.93 ± 4.78	0.80
History of dyspnoea		230 (89.8%)	65 (86.7%)	165 (91.2%)	0.27
History of chest pain		74 (28.9%)	19 (25.3%)	55 (30.4%)	0.42
History of syncope		41 (16.4%)	13 (17.3%)	28 (15.5%)	0.71
Hypertension		114 (44.5%)	37 (49.3%)	77 (42.5%)	0.32
Diabetes mellitus		46 (17.9%)	15 (20%)	31 (17.1%)	0.59
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease		162 (63.2%)	50 (66.7%)	112 (61.9%)	0.47
Coronary artery disease		110 (42.9%)	32 (42.7%)	78 (43.1%)	0.95
Previous myocardial infarction		5 (1.9%)	2 (2.7%)	3 (1.7%)	0.61
Peripheral vascular disease		143 (55.8%)	35 (46.7%)	108 (59.7%)	0.057
Prior stroke or transient ischemic attack		34 (13.2%)	8 (10.7%)	26 (14.4%)	0.43
Chronic kidney disease		36 (14.0%)	13 (17.3%)	23 (12.7%)	0.33
Atrial fibrillation		37 (14.4%)	9 (12%)	28 (15.5%)	0.47
NYHA				0.88
Class I		1 (0.4%)	0	1 (1.6%)
Class II		21 (8.2%)	6 (8%)	15 (8.3%)
Class III		113 (44.1%)	35 (46.7%)	78 (43.1%)
Class IV		121 (47.2%)	34 (45.3%)	87 (48.1%)
NYHA III/IV		234 (91.4%)	69 (92%)	165 (91.2%)	0.82
Echocardiographic factors
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)		54.7 ± 15	52.93 ± 14.98	56.48 ± 15.12	0.088
Aortic valve peak velocity (m/s)	5 ± 0.73	5.15 ± 0.75	4.94 ± 0.71	0.035
Aortic valve mean pressure gradient (mm Hg)		64.32 ± 19.3	66.56 ± 20.57	62.08 ± 17.97	0.084
Aortic regurgitation (moderate to severe)		60 (23.4%)	24 (26.3%)	36 (19.9%)	0.19
Mitral regurgitation (moderate to severe)		43 (16.8%)	17 (19.5%)	26 (16%)	0.42

Data are presented as mean ± SD or percentages. NYHA: New York Heart Association; STS score: Society of Thoracic Surgeon score.