|
Approaches | GNP type | Differences | Particular requirements | Applications | Properties | Ref. |
|
PTT | Gold sphere | In vitro | Visible light, specific targeted | Cell elimination in vitro | SPR | [18, 65, 68] |
Visible and NIR light, targeted cells with two specific antibodies to form nanocluster | Cell elimination in vitro | SPR | [69, 70] |
NIR fs laser, specific targeted | Cell elimination in vitro | SHM and TPA | [66] |
|
PTT | Gold nanorod | Deep penetration, in vivo | NIR light, specific targeted | Cell elimination in vitro | SPR | [41, 75, 76] |
Two-photon laser, polypyrrole-stabilized gold nanorods, nontargeted | Cell elimination in vitro | TPA | [79] |
NIR light, nontargeted | Cancer treatment in vivo | SPR and EPR effect | [77, 80] |
NIR light, specific targeted GNRs laden macrophages | Cancer treatment in vivo | SPR | [58, 78] |
|
PTT | Gold nanoshell (SiO2@ Au), | Deep, in vivo, higher photothermal efficiency | NIR light, PEG coated, nontargeted | Cancer treatment in vivo | SPR and EPR effect | [52, 67, 83–88] |
NIR light, PEG coated, specific targeted | Cell elimination in vitro | SPR | [89, 90] |
NIR light, Au-laden monocytes/ macrophages | Center of solid tumors treatment in vitro | SPR | [92, 93] |
|
PTT | Gold nanocages | Deep, in vivo, higher specific surface area | NIR light, specific targeted | Cells elimination in vitro | SPR | [95] |
NIR light, PEG coated nanocage specific targeted | Cancer treatment in vivo | SPR | [100] |
|
PTT | Gold nanoring | LSPR 1000–1300 nm, deeper | NIR light, specific targeted | Cells elimination in vitro | SPR | [103] |
|
PTT | Gold nanoflower | Low toxicity | NIR light, nontargeted | Cancer treatment in vitro and in vivo | SPR and EPR effect | [44, 104] |
|
PDT | Gold sphere (GNP) | Deliver PS into cells efficiently | Broad light, PS coated GNP, nontargeted | PS delivery, cancer treatment in vitro and in vivo | EPR effect | [19, 24, 28, 45, 46, 115–117] |
One light source, PS stabilized GNPs, specific targeted | PS delivery, cancer treatment in vitro and in vivo | EPR effect | [118–123] |
One light source both for PDT and PTT, PS coated GNPs, nontargeted [129], specific targeted [139] | PS delivery, cancer treatment in vitro | SPR and EPR effect | [129, 139] |
|
PDT | Gold nanorod (GNR) | PTT and PDT for deeper penetration | One light source both for PDT and PTT, PS coated GNRs, nontargeted [130], specific targeted | PS delivery, cells elimination in vitro | SPR and EPR effect | [47, 126–128, 130] |
Two light source for PTT and PDT, respectively, PS coated GNRs, specific targeted [133], nontargeted | PS delivery, cancer treatment in vitro [133] and in vivo | SPR and EPR effect | [25, 32, 133, 137] |
|
PDT | Gold nanoshell (GNS) | Lower light dose | A two-photon femtosecond pulsed laser for both PDT and PTT, PS coated GNSs, nontargeted | PS delivery, cells elimination in vitro | SPR and TPA | [132] |
Two light sources for PDT and PTT, respectively, specific targeted | Cells elimination in vitro | SPR | [30, 125, 131, 136] |
|
PDT | Gold nanocages | More PS carriers | Two light sources for PTT and PDT, respectively, PS coated nanocages, nontargeted | PS delivery, cancer treatment in vitro and in vivo | SPR and EPR effect | [134, 135] |
|
PDT | Gold nanostar | More SPR hot spots | One light source both for PTT andfor PDT, photosensitizer-coated nanostars, nontargeted | PS delivery, cancer treatment in vivo | SPR and EPR effect | [59] |
|
PDT | Specific GNPs | SPR 1000–1350 nm | One light source both for PTT and for PDT, no photosensitizer, nontargeted | Cancer treatment in vivo | SPR and SOG | [138] |
|
radiotherapy | Gold nanoparticles | Selective cancer cell sensitization to IR | Irradiation with X-ray, nontargeted | Cancer cells elimination in vitro and cancer treatment in vivo | Radiosensitivity enhancement and EPR effect | [48, 151–155, 160, 163, 164] |
Irradiation with X-ray, specific targeted | Cancer cells elimination in vitro and cancer treatment in vivo | Radiosensitivity enhancement | [156–159, 161, 162] |
|
Drug delivery | Gold nanosphere | Lager surface | Irradiation with laser light, specific functionalized GNPs [197] | Drug delivery and controlled release in vivo [168, 197] and in vitro | SPR and EPR effect | [168, 172, 174, 197] |
Specific functionalized GNPs | Targeted drug delivery in vitro and in vivo [186] | Large surface | [182, 184, 186, 195] |
Specific conjugated with drug | Targeted drug delivery in vitro [176] and in vivo [177] | EPR effect | [176, 177] |
|
Drug delivery | Gold nanorods | Deeper penetration | Irradiation with near-infrared light, specific functionalized GNRs [171] | Controlled drug release | SPR and EPR effect | [167, 171] |
Irradiation with laser light, specific functionalized GNRs | Cell elimination in vitro | SPR | [183] |
Appropriate pH value | Targeted drug delivery in vitro | Large surface | [192] |
|
Drug delivery | Gold nanoshells | More drug carrier | Irradiation with near-infrared light, chemical functionalized GNSs | Controlled drug release in vitro | SPR and EPR effect | [169, 170] |
|
Drug delivery | Gold cluster | Enhance drug release efficiency | Irradiation with near-infrared light, chemical functionalized gold cluster | Controlled drug release in vivo | SPR and EPR effect | [173] |
|
Drug delivery | Gold nanostars | Higher conversion efficiency | TAT-peptide functionalized GNPs, irradiation with light | Chemical delivery, cancer cell elimination in vitro | SPR and EPR effect | [188] |
|