Gold Nanoparticle Mediated Phototherapy for Cancer

Table 2

The summary of various phototherapy of gold nanoparticles.

Approaches	GNP type	Differences	Particular requirements	Applications	Properties	Ref.
PTT	Gold sphere	In vitro	Visible light, specific targeted	Cell elimination in vitro	SPR	[18, 65, 68]
			Visible and NIR light, targeted cells with two specific antibodies to form nanocluster	Cell elimination in vitro	SPR	[69, 70]
			NIR fs laser, specific targeted	Cell elimination in vitro	SHM and TPA	[66]
PTT	Gold nanorod	Deep penetration, in vivo	NIR light, specific targeted	Cell elimination in vitro	SPR	[41, 75, 76]
			Two-photon laser, polypyrrole-stabilized gold nanorods, nontargeted	Cell elimination in vitro	TPA	[79]
			NIR light, nontargeted	Cancer treatment in vivo	SPR and EPR effect	[77, 80]
			NIR light, specific targeted GNRs laden macrophages	Cancer treatment in vivo	SPR	[58, 78]
PTT	Gold nanoshell (SiO2@ Au),	Deep, in vivo, higher photothermal efficiency	NIR light, PEG coated, nontargeted	Cancer treatment in vivo	SPR and EPR effect	[52, 67, 83–88]
			NIR light, PEG coated, specific targeted	Cell elimination in vitro	SPR	[89, 90]
			NIR light, Au-laden monocytes/ macrophages	Center of solid tumors treatment in vitro	SPR	[92, 93]
PTT	Gold nanocages	Deep, in vivo, higher specific surface area	NIR light, specific targeted	Cells elimination in vitro	SPR	[95]
			NIR light, PEG coated nanocage specific targeted	Cancer treatment in vivo	SPR	[100]
PTT	Gold nanoring	LSPR 1000–1300 nm, deeper	NIR light, specific targeted	Cells elimination in vitro	SPR	[103]
PTT	Gold nanoflower	Low toxicity	NIR light, nontargeted	Cancer treatment in vitro and in vivo	SPR and EPR effect	[44, 104]
PDT	Gold sphere (GNP)	Deliver PS into cells efficiently	Broad light, PS coated GNP, nontargeted	PS delivery, cancer treatment in vitro and in vivo	EPR effect	[19, 24, 28, 45, 46, 115–117]
			One light source, PS stabilized GNPs, specific targeted	PS delivery, cancer treatment in vitro and in vivo	EPR effect	[118–123]
			One light source both for PDT and PTT, PS coated GNPs, nontargeted [129], specific targeted [139]	PS delivery, cancer treatment in vitro	SPR and EPR effect	[129, 139]
PDT	Gold nanorod (GNR)	PTT and PDT for deeper penetration	One light source both for PDT and PTT, PS coated GNRs, nontargeted [130], specific targeted	PS delivery, cells elimination in vitro	SPR and EPR effect	[47, 126–128, 130]
			Two light source for PTT and PDT, respectively, PS coated GNRs, specific targeted [133], nontargeted	PS delivery, cancer treatment in vitro [133] and in vivo	SPR and EPR effect	[25, 32, 133, 137]
PDT	Gold nanoshell (GNS)	Lower light dose	A two-photon femtosecond pulsed laser for both PDT and PTT, PS coated GNSs, nontargeted	PS delivery, cells elimination in vitro	SPR and TPA	[132]
			Two light sources for PDT and PTT, respectively, specific targeted	Cells elimination in vitro	SPR	[30, 125, 131, 136]
PDT	Gold nanocages	More PS carriers	Two light sources for PTT and PDT, respectively, PS coated nanocages, nontargeted	PS delivery, cancer treatment in vitro and in vivo	SPR and EPR effect	[134, 135]
PDT	Gold nanostar	More SPR hot spots	One light source both for PTT andfor PDT, photosensitizer-coated nanostars, nontargeted	PS delivery, cancer treatment in vivo	SPR and EPR effect	[59]
PDT	Specific GNPs	SPR 1000–1350 nm	One light source both for PTT and for PDT, no photosensitizer, nontargeted	Cancer treatment in vivo	SPR and SOG	[138]
radiotherapy	Gold nanoparticles	Selective cancer cell sensitization to IR	Irradiation with X-ray, nontargeted	Cancer cells elimination in vitro and cancer treatment in vivo	Radiosensitivity enhancement and EPR effect	[48, 151–155, 160, 163, 164]
			Irradiation with X-ray, specific targeted	Cancer cells elimination in vitro and cancer treatment in vivo	Radiosensitivity enhancement	[156–159, 161, 162]
Drug delivery	Gold nanosphere	Lager surface	Irradiation with laser light, specific functionalized GNPs [197]	Drug delivery and controlled release in vivo [168, 197] and in vitro	SPR and EPR effect	[168, 172, 174, 197]
			Specific functionalized GNPs	Targeted drug delivery in vitro and in vivo [186]	Large surface	[182, 184, 186, 195]
			Specific conjugated with drug	Targeted drug delivery in vitro [176] and in vivo [177]	EPR effect	[176, 177]
Drug delivery	Gold nanorods	Deeper penetration	Irradiation with near-infrared light, specific functionalized GNRs [171]	Controlled drug release	SPR and EPR effect	[167, 171]
			Irradiation with laser light, specific functionalized GNRs	Cell elimination in vitro	SPR	[183]
			Appropriate pH value	Targeted drug delivery in vitro	Large surface	[192]
Drug delivery	Gold nanoshells	More drug carrier	Irradiation with near-infrared light, chemical functionalized GNSs	Controlled drug release in vitro	SPR and EPR effect	[169, 170]
Drug delivery	Gold cluster	Enhance drug release efficiency	Irradiation with near-infrared light, chemical functionalized gold cluster	Controlled drug release in vivo	SPR and EPR effect	[173]
Drug delivery	Gold nanostars	Higher conversion efficiency	TAT-peptide functionalized GNPs, irradiation with light	Chemical delivery, cancer cell elimination in vitro	SPR and EPR effect	[188]