Bifocal and Multifocal Contact Lenses for Presbyopia and Myopia Control

Table 5

Results from the defocus curves obtained with different contact lenses in different studies. The approximate values have been extracted from the graphs presented by the authors for 0.0 D of vergence (distance), 1.0 D (1 meter), 1.5 D (67 cm), 2.5 D (40 cm), and 3.0 D (33 cm). Units are presented in LogMAR values. Above the shaded row are presented baseline data for no lens situation. Note that Plainis et al.’s [90] study has been performed on young people under cycloplegia.

Author (year)	Lens type/fitting	n (Rx) (age)	VA 0.0 D (distance)	VA −1.0 D (1 meter)	VA −1.5 D (67 cm)	VA −2.5 D (40 cm)	VA −3.0 D (33 cm)
Kingston and Cox (2013) [112]	Baseline (no lens)	64 eyes presbyopes	0.00	0.05	0.20	0.45	0.60
Plainis et al. (2013) [90]	Naked eye; Monocular; 3 mm pupil; 6 mm pupil	12 (−2.24 ± 2.12); (27 ± 5) cyclopleged	−0.10; −0.10	0.0; 0.5	0.10; 0.20	0.32; 0.36	0.42; 0.52
Plainis et al. (2013) [90]	Naked eye; Binocular; 3 mm pupil; 6 mm pupil	12 (−2.24 ± 2.12); (27 ± 5) cyclopleged	−0.15; −0.15	0.0; 0.0	0.18; 0.22	0.30; 0.32	0.48; 0.52
Gupta et al. (2009) [99]	Monovision; Purevision MF	20 (−1.42 ± 2.87); (55.0 ± 5.1)	0.0; 0.05	0.02; 0.04	0.05; 0.05	0.18; 0.24	0.32; 0.40
Madrid-Costa et al. (2012) [113]	Proclear MF toric	20 (−0.51 ± 2.01); (50.4 ± 7.8)	0.0	0.02	0.05	0.18	0.35
García-Lázaro et al. (2012) [114]	Monovision; Pinhole	22 (0.11 ± 0.12); (57.3 ± 5.8)	0.0; 0.0	0.18; 0.07	0.18; 0.20	0.08; 0.4	0.3; 0.52
Plainis et al. (2013) [90]	Airoptix MF; Binoc 3 mm LOW; Binoc 3 mm MED; Binoc 3 mm HIGH	12 (−2.24 ± 2.12); (27 ± 5) cyclopleged	−0.15; −0.05; −0.04	−0.05; −0.05; −0.05	0.04; −0.06; −0.06	0.24; 0.10; 0.02	0.32; 0.22; 0.12
Plainis et al. (2013) [90]	Airoptix MF; Binoc 6 mm LOW; Binoc 6 mm MED; Binoc 6 mm HIGH	12 (−2.24 ± 2.12); (27 ± 5) cyclopleged	−0.10; −0.02; −0.02	−0.02; −0.04; −0.02	0.08; −0.02; −0.06	0.30; 0.10; 0.05	0.40; 0.24; 0.16
Madrid-Costa et al. (2013) [102]	Purevision MF; Oasys MF	20 (+0.35 ± 1.78); (45.1 ± 2.3)	0.0; 0.0	0.04; 0.04	0.06; 0.08	0.16; 0.20	0.24; 0.34
Bakaraju et al. 2018 [103]	Airoptix; Oasys MF; EDOF	43 (−0.65 ± 0.88); (53 ± 5)	−0.07; −0.06; −0.07		−0.03; 0.00; −0.07		0.13; 0.12; 0.10
Tilia et al. (2017) [105]	Airoptix; EDOF	41 (−0.6 ± 0.70); (53 ± 6)	−0.06; −0.06		0.13; 0.12		0.48; 0.42