Review Article
Heavy Metal Poisoning and Cardiovascular Disease
Table 1
Classification of CVD risk factors.
| | Category | Examples | References |
| | Nonmodifiable risk factors | (i) Advancing age
(ii) Male gender
(iii) Family history/genotype | (i) [6]
(ii) [7]
(iii) [8] |
| | Metabolic risk factors | (i) Hypertension
(ii) Diabetes mellitus/glucose intolerance
(iii) Metabolic syndrome
(iv) Hyperlipidemias
(v) Obesity/overweight | (i) [9]
(ii) [10]
(iii) [11]
(iv) [12]
(v) [13] |
| | Lifestyle risk factors | (i) Smoking
(ii) Physical activity
(iii) Diet | (i) [14]
(ii) [15]
(iii) [16, 17] |
| | Novel risk factors | (i) Lipoprotein (a)
(ii) Homocysteine
(iii) Inflammatory markers (e.g., C-reactive protein)
(iv) Prothrombotic factors (e.g., fibrinogen)
(v) Trace elements (e.g., selenium, zinc, copper, chromium)
(vi) Heavy metals (e.g., arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury) | (i) [18]
(ii) [19]
(iii) [20–23]
(iv) [24–27] |
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