| Study | Year | Origins | Number of subjects | Follow-up duration (years) | Baseline time | Mean age of patients | Cancer sites | Adjusted factors |
| Chen et al. [13] | 2014 | Taiwan | 9,413 | 8 | 1998–2000 | 51.03 ± 14.52 | Prostate, bladder, kidney, colorectum, liver, gallbladder and bile duct, stomach, lung, esophageal, pancreas, nasopharyngeal, brain, and oral, and so forth | Age, sex, year, and month of first diagnosis | Kuo et al. [6] | 2012 | Taiwan | 24,088 | 7.8-7.9 | 2000–2008 | 42.3 ± 16.3 | Prostate, bladder, colon, liver, stomach, lung, and breast, and so forth | Age and sex |
Bofetta et al. [20] Men | 2009 | Sweden | 10,500 | NR | 1965–1995 | NR | Prostate, bladder, kidney, rectum, colon, liver and bile duct, stomach, lung, pancreas, brain, and oral, and so forth | Sex, time since first hospitalization, and gout as primary or the only diagnosis |
Bofetta et al. [20] Women | 2009 | Sweden | 6,357 | NR | 1965–1995 | NR | Bladder, kidney, rectum, colon, liver and bile duct, stomach, lung, pancreas, brain, oral, breast, and so forth | Sex, time since first hospitalization, and gout as primary or the only diagnosis |
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