Comparison of Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercise, Volume and Flow Incentive Spirometry, on Diaphragm Excursion and Pulmonary Function in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 3

Comparison of Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV₁) before and after the laparoscopic abdominal surgery in the intervention groups and control group.

Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1) (liters (L))	Preoperative (mean ± SD)	Postoperative 1st day (mean ± SD)	Postoperative 2nd day (mean ± SD)	Preoperative versus postoperative 1st day (mean difference)	Postoperative 1st day versus postoperative 2nd day (mean difference)	Preoperative versus postoperative 2nd day (mean difference)
Diaphragmatic breathing exercise ()	2.34 ± .70	1.76 ± .72	2.02 ± .69	0.57 (24.5%)	−0.25 (−14.3%)	0.32 (13.7%)
Flow incentive spirometry ()	2.06 ± .68	1.42 ± .64	1.74 ± .64	0.63 (30.9%)	−0.32 (−22.5%)	0.31 (15.3%)
Volume incentive spirometry ()	2.08 ± .64	1.53 ± .55	1.82 ± .64	0.55 (26.3%)	−0.29 (−19.1%)	0.25 (12.2%)
Control group ()	2.06 ± .67	1.42 ± .55	1.62 ± .59	0.64 (31.0%)	−0.20 (−14.3%)	0.43 (21.1%)

% change. Highly significant at level.