Optimized Sizing, Selection, and Economic Analysis of Battery Energy Storage for Grid-Connected Wind-PV Hybrid System

Table 2

Properties of batteries [8, 24, 25].

Technology	Capital cost in $/kWh	Discharge time	Energy rating (MWh)	Specific energy (Wh/kg)	Cycling capability, @ % DoD	Life (yrs)	Energy (%)	Self-discharge (%)	Operating temperature in °C
Pb-acid	50–150	Sec.-hrs	0.001–40	35–50	500–2000; @ 70	5–15	70–80	<0.2	−5 to 40
Na-S	200–600	Sec.-hrs	0.4–244.8	100–175	2500 @ 100	10–20	75–89	No	325
Ni-Cd	400–2400	Sec.-hrs	6.75	30–80	3500 @ 100	10–20	70	0.2–0.3	−40 to 50
Li-ion	900–1300	Sec.-hrs	0.001–50	100–200	1500–3500 @ 80	14–16	75–95	1–5	−30 to 60
VRB	600	Sec.-10 hrs	2–120	30–50	100–13000 @ 75	10–20	65–85	Very low	0 to 40
ZBB	500	Sec.-10 hrs	0.1–4	60–85	2000–2500	8–10	65–85	No	0 to 40
PSB	300–1000	Sec.-10 hrs	0.005–120	>400	100–13000; @ 75	15	60–75	No	0 to 40