Dynamic Neuro-Cognitive Imagery Improves Mental Imagery Ability, Disease Severity, and Motor and Cognitive Functions in People with Parkinson’s Disease
Table 2
Baseline participants’ demographics (M, SD).
DNI () M (SD)
Learning/exercise () M (SD)
Sex
1 woman, 9 men
3 women, 7 men
.58b
Age (years)
66.4 (12.5)
65.1 (7.5)
.78
UPDRS Motor Subscale III
38.4 (13.8)
32.1 (12.2)
.29
Hoehn and Yahr stage (median (first, third quartiles))
2.0 (1.8, 2.5)
2.0 (2.0, 2.5)
.80
Duration of PD (years)
6.1 (3.8)
8.5 (4.5)
.21
MoCA (/30)
28.3 (1.4)
26.6 (2.0)
.04
CPF (/24)
19.9 (4.6)
20.3 (3.71)
.83
Education (years)
16.2 (2.2)
16.4 (2.0)
.83
Number of comorbidities
3.4 (1.7)
2.6 (1.7)
.32
Number of prescription medications
5.7 (3.4)
3.1 (3.1)
.09c
Use of assistive device (yes/no)
3/7
4/6
1.00b
History of ≥1 falls in the past year (yes/no)
6/4
4/6
.65b
Previous experience with imagery (yes/no)
4/6
1/9
.30b
Note: values are mean (SD), unless otherwise noted. PD = Parkinson’s disease; UPDRS = Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Sub-Scale; MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment; CPF = Composite Physical Function Scale. aIndependent t-tests’ compared groups. bFisher’s exact test. cEqual variance not assumed. .
