Neural Plasticity

Review Article

M2 Macrophages as a Potential Target for Antiatherosclerosis Treatment

Table 5

Other molecules promoting M2 polarization.


Biomolecules	Experiment animal/cells	Effect	References

27-OH	PBMC from healthy donors	Increased the secretion of IL-10 and expression of LXR and ABCA1	[134]
VD	Hypercholesterolemic swine	Affected the process of M2 polarization; decreased the 27-hydroxycholesterol level	[136]
Adiponectin	Human peripheral blood monocytes	Decreased adiponectin was related with lower levels of M2 markers such as IL-10 and arginase-1 in the liver of mice	[144, 145, 147]
Inhibitors of Sema3E	Macrophages of advanced atherosclerotic lesions of ApoE^–/– mice	Inhibiting Sema3E may promote M2 polarization and downregulate the inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions	[152]
BMP-7	ApoE^-/- mice: sham, PLCA, and PLCA+ BMP-7	Upregulated BMP-7R expression which led to activation of PI3K, Akt, and mTOR, thus enhancing M2 macrophage polarization	[153]
Trx-1	Murine peritoneal and human macrophages	Elevated M2 markers including CD206 and IL-10	[154]
ApoA-I	ApoA-I^−/− or apolipoprotein E-deficient mice	Increased M2 macrophage markers and decreased M1 macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques	[156, 159]
HNO donors: AS or GTN	C57/Bl6 mice; human monocytes	Increased CD200R and CD206 expression and mRNA gene expression of CD206 and the anti-inflammatory gene SR-B1 in macrophages treated with IL-4 coincubated with AS	[163]
Inhibitors of MTP	LDLR^-/- mice	Increased M2 markers including arginase-I and MR	[165]
CLA	ApoE^-/- C57BL/6J mouse; bone marrow-derived macrophages	Reduced the level of CD68 and alleviate the levels of CD163 and mannose receptor in human macrophages	[166, 169, 170]
EPO	WHHLMI rabbits; HUVECs	Reduced HUVEC apoptosis and THP-1 production of TNFα and MMP-9; activated Akt and ERK1/2; decreased M1 macrophages and the M1/M2 ratio; increased expression of IL-10 in coronary atherosclerotic lesions	[171, 172]
HBSP			[171, 172]
Hx	HxE^−/− mice	HxE^−/− mice with human Hx injection showed a shift from M1 to M2 macrophages and inhibited the progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE^−/− mice	[173]
PJ and polyphenols	ApoE^-/- mice and mouse peritoneal macrophages	Promoted the expression of IL-10 and decreased the secretion of TNFα and IL-6	[174]

27-OH: 27-hydroxycholesterol; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; VD: vitamin D; Sema3E: Semaphorin 3E; BMP-7: bone morphogenetic protein-7; Trx: thioredoxin; ApoA-I: apolipoprotein A-I; HNO donors: nitroxyl anion donors; MTP: microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; CLA: conjugated linoleic acid; EPO: erythropoietin; HBSP: helix B surface peptide; Hx: hemopexin; PLCA: partial left carotid artery ligation; AS: Angeli’s salt; GTN: glyceryl trinitrate; HUVECs: human umbilical vein endothelial cells; HxE^−/− mice: Hx and ApoE double-knockout mice; PJ: pomegranate juice.