Mouse Models of Prostate Cancer

Table 3

Traditional knockout models.

Model	Year	Other tissues affected	Highest stage of neoplasia	Castration resistance	References
RARγ	1993	Seminal vesicles, wide array of developmental defects	Squamous cell metaplasia	Not determined	[147]
p27	1996	Hyperplasia of many organs, infertility in females, pituitary tumors, increased overall body size	Hyperplasia & increased stromal cells	Not determined	[149–151]
Pten	1998	Gonads, germ cells, lymphoid cells, epidermis, uterus, endometrium, intestine, thyroid, adrenal gland	PIN	Not determined	[153, 154]
Nkx3.1	1999	Salivary glands, bulbourethral gland, seminal vesicles	Hyperplasia & dysplasia	Not determined	[155–157]
Stat5a	1997	Mammary glands	None	Partial	[158–161]
Pten × p27	2001	Endometrium, intestine, thyroid, adrenal gland	Adenocarcinoma	Not determined	[162]
Pten × Nkx3.1	2002	Similar to Pten and Nkx3.1 models, though only prostate was reported on	LN metastasis	Yes	[163, 164]
Pten × p53	2009	Similar to Pten model, though only prostate was reported on	HGPIN	Not determined	[165]