|
Ocular aspect | Change in PD | References |
|
Visual acuity | Poor, especially at low contrast | [6] |
[4] |
Colour vision | Vision blurred for coloured stimuli | [8] |
Shortened colour fusion time | [9] |
Progressive deterioration | [10] |
Visual fields | Increase in glaucomatous visual field defects | [13] |
Side effects of surgery | [14] |
Saccadic eye movement | Reaction time and max. velocity of horizontal gaze slower | [15] |
Hypometria | [16] |
Amplitude increased after cued saccades | [17] |
Smooth pursuit movement | Affected early in disease process | [20] |
Superimposed saccades | [15] |
Reduction in response magnitude | [15] |
Optokinetic Nystagmus | Abnormal in some patients | [15] |
Convergence | Impaired, associated with large exophoria, diplopia | [21] |
[22] |
Blink frequency | Reduced, causing abnormal tear film, dry eye and reduced vision | [23] |
Blink reflex | Habituation not observed | [24] |
Pupil diameter | Larger after light adaptation with anisocoria | [26] |
Light reflex | Longer latency | |
Constriction time | Increased | [26] |
Contraction amplitude | Reduced | [23] |
Contrast sensitivity (CS) | Abnormal in some cases, intermediate to high frequencies | [28] |
Temporal processing | Impaired ability to track rapid fluctuations | [32] |
Duration perception affected | [33] |
Flash ERG | Reduced amplitude of “b” wave | [35] |
PERG | Reduced amplitudes. |
[35] |
Specific defect at medium SF |
Delayed P50 | [36] |
Cortical VEP | Delayed P100 | [45] |
[46] |
Chromatic VEP | Increased latency and reduced |
[44] |
Amplitude (esp. blue-yellow) |
ERP | Abnormal. Delayed reaction times | [42] |
[41] |
Visuo-spatial | Difficulty in judging verticals, | [48] |
position of body parts, and in route-walking tasks | [49] |
Orientation and motion discrimination | Impaired | [50] |
Facial perception | Impaired ability to perceive and imagine emotional faces | [51] |
Visual hallucinations | Chronic in 30–60% of treated cases | [54] |
|