Music and Metronomes Differentially Impact Motor Timing in People with and without Parkinson’s Disease: Effects of Slow, Medium, and Fast Tempi on Entrainment and Synchronization Performances in Finger Tapping, Toe Tapping, and Stepping on the Spot Tasks

Table 2

Goldsmiths Beat Alignment Test and Musical Sophistication Index by group.

	Younger			Older			Parkinson’s			Gold MSI Population Norms
	Mean	SD	Range	Mean	SD	Range	Mean	SD	Range	Mean	SD	Range	Cronbach’s alpha
Beat Alignment Test Scores	10.66	1.43	8–14	11.31	2.59	6–16	11.03	2.59	7–16	11.98	2.80	Chance = 8.5/17	0.67
Music Sophistication Index
General	69.78	15.58	35–99	68.96	22.57	31–114	59.70	15.55	33–95	81.58	20.62	18–126	0.93
Musical Training Subscale	19.75	8.27	7–36	21.54	12.37	7–43	16.13	9.75	7–39	26.52	11.44	7–49	0.90
Active Engagement Subscale	36.50	9.41	18–53	34.38	11.85	15–57	31.77	7.80	16–44	41.52	10.36	9–63	0.87