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Experimental system | Role and action mechanisms | References |
Modification | Cell type |
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Troglitazone treatment (PPAR ligand) | Human colon cancer SW620, HCT116 cells | Inhibition of cell proliferation; induction of apoptosis; inactivation of NF-κB by suppression of GSK-3β | [24] |
PPAR activation by 4-O-methylhonokiol treatment | PC3, LNCap prostate cancer cells, PC3 xenografts | Inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor growth; induction of apoptosis; p21-mediated suppression of NF-κB activity | [25] |
PPAR overexpression | Human colon cancer HT-29 cells | Inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor growth; ubiquitination and degradation of NF-κB by PPARγ | [26] |
PPAR overexpression | Human colon cancer HT-29 cells | Inhibition of cell proliferation; ubiquitination and degradation of MUC1-C by PPARγ | [27] |
PPAR activation by efatutazone treatment (third-generation PPAR agonist) | TE-4, TE-8, TE-11, TE-6 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells; TE-4 xenografts | Inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor growth; increased p21 protein levels by inactivation of Akt | [28] |
Pioglitazone and 6-OH-11-O-hydroxy phenanthrene (PPAR and RXR agonist treatment) | Breast cancer MCF-7 cells, breast cancer associated fibroblast | Inhibition of cancer stem cell survival; inhibition of IL-6 promoter and reduced MMP-2, MMP-9 expression and activity | [29] |
Pioglitazone treatment (PPAR ligand) | Chronic myeloid leukemia cells, leukemia stem cell (LSC) | Inhibition of cancer stem cell survival; decreased expression of STAT5 and HIF-1α | [30] |
PPAR overexpression by PPAR plasmid | Gastric cancer cell lines (MKN-28, SGC-7901, BGC-823) | Inhibition of cell proliferation and migration; downregulation of TERT and ENAH by inhibition of -catenin | [31] |
PPAR activation by troglitazone, PPAR siRNA transfection | Human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) | Inhibition of cell proliferation; upregulation of tumor suppressor Cyld | [32] |
PPAR activation by rosiglitazone, PPAR inhibition by GW9662 | Human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) | Inhibition of cell migration and invasion; downregulation of CXCR4 gene expression | [33] |
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