| Study variables | Depression | COR (95% CI) | -value | Yes (%) | No (%) |
| Gender | | | | | Female | 14 (66.7) | 7 (33.3) | 2.97 (1.17, 7.58) | 0.022 | Male | 125 (40.2) | 186 (59.8) | 1 | | Age (year) | | | | | 18–20 | 29 (35.4) | 53 (64.6) | 0.69 (0.41, 1.17) | 0.17 | 21–25 | 43 (55.1) | 35 (44.9) | 2.02 (1.21, 3.38) | 0.007 | 26–33 | 36 (40.0) | 54 (60.0) | 0.9 (0.55, 1.47) | 0.64 | >34 | 31 (37.8) | 51 (62.2) | 1 | | Marital status | | | | | Married | 55 (41.8) | 77 (58.3) | 1 | | Single | 71 (39.4) | 109 (60.6) | 0.805 (0.519, 1.25) | 0.33 | Other | 13 (65.0) | 7 (35.0) | 2.741 (1.06, 7.062) | 0.037 | Ethnicity | | | | | Oromo | 94 (43.1) | 124 (56.9) | 1 | | Amhara | 22 (43.1) | 29 (56.9) | 1.06 (0.582, 1.943) | 0.842 | Dawuro | 10 (29.4) | 24 (70.6) | 0.546 (0.252, 1.182) | 0.125 | Other | 13 (44.8) | 16 (55.2) | 1.14 (0.53, 2.45) | 0.735 | Religion | | | | | Muslim | 80 (42.3) | 109 (57.7) | 1 | | Orthodox | 47 (42.7) | 63 (58.1) | 1.05 (0.66, 1.67) | 0.82 | Protestant | 12 (36.4) | 21 (63.6) | 0.774 (0.367, 1.631) | 0.5 | Educational status | | | | | Illiterate | 24 (17.3) | 23 (11.9) | 0.986 (0.414, 2.35) | 0.974 | 1–8 grade | 68 (48.9) | 108 (56.0) | 1.37 (0.667, 2.821) | 0.391 | 9–12 grade | 35 (25.2) | 46 (23.8) | 0.828 (0.485, 1.412) | 0.487 | Higher education | 12 (8.6) | 16 (8.3) | 1 | | Occupation | | | | | Unemployed | 76 (54.7) | 102 (52.8) | 1.076 (0.695, 1.667) | 0.742 | Employed | 63 (45.3) | 91 (47.2) | 1 | | Residence before incarceration | | | | | Rura | 46 (40.0) | 69 (60.0) | 1 | | Urban | 93 (42.9) | 124 (57.1) | 1.125 (0.71–1.78) | 0.616 | Having children | | | | | Yes | 53 (38.1) | 86 (61.9) | 1 | | No | 81 (42.0) | 112 (58.0) | 0.852 (0.546, 1.331) | 0.482 | Previous incarceration | | | | | Yes | 23 (82.1) | 5 (17.9) | 7.45 (2.758–20.152) | <0.001 | No | 116 (38.2) | 188 (61.8) | 1 | | Duration of stay in prison (in month) | | | | | <4 | 35 (38.5) | 56 (61.5) | 1 | | 5–10 | 38 (45.2) | 46 (54.8) | 1.2 (0.73–1.98) | 0.469 | 11–24 | 37 (48.1) | 40 (51.9) | 1.39 (0.83–2.31) | 0.21 | >25 | 29 (36.2) | 51 (63.8) | 0.73 (0.43–1.23) | 0.243 | Thinking life after released from prison is difficult | | | | | Yes | 77 (51.7) | 72 (48.3) | 2.08 (1.34–3.25) | 0.001 | No | 62 (33.9) | 121 (66.1) | | | Acceptance of criminality | | | | | No | 91 (43.3) | 119 (56.7) | 1.179 (0.748–1.857) | 0.48 | Yes | 48 (39.3) | 74 (60.7) | 1 | | Criminal type | | | | | Robbery | 67 (46.5) | 77 (53.5) | 1 | | Rape | 8 (23.5) | 26 (76.5) | 0.35 (0.15, 0.83) | 0.08 | Corruption | 6 (27.3) | 16 (72.7) | 0.43 (0.16, 1.16) | 0.90 | Murderer | 45 (45.0) | 55 (55.0) | 0.94 (0.56, 1.57) | 0.47 | Other | 13 (40.6) | 19 (59.4) | 0.78 (0.36–1.71) | 0.74 | Pray in prison | | | | | No | 36 (75.0) | 12 (25.0) | 5.27 (2.627–10.581) | <0.001 | Yes | 103 (36.3) | 181 (63.7) | 1 | | Having work in prison | | | | | No | 127 (47.2) | 142 (52.8) | 3.8 (1.94, 7.45) | <0.001 | Yes | 12 (19.0) | 51 (81.0) | 1 | | Family with mental illness | | | | | Yes | 43 (75.4) | 14 (24.6) | 5.73 (2.98, 10.99) | <0.001 | No | 96 (34.9) | 179 (65.1) | 1 | | Chronic physical illness | | | | | Yes | 36 (67.9) | 17 (32.1) | 3.62 (1.94, 6.77) | <0.001 | No | 103 (36.9) | 176 (63.1) | 1 | | Past mental illness | | | | | Yes | 25 (83.3) | 5 (16.7) | 8.24 (3.07, 22.14) | <0.001 | No | 114 (37.7) | 188 (62.3) | 1 | | Level of social support | | | | | Strong | 13 (26.0) | 37 (74.0) | 1 | | Moderate | 38 (33.6) | 75 (66.4) | 0.157 (0.09–0.277) | <0.001 | Poor support | 88 (52.1) | 81 (47.9) | 16 (9.13–28.27) | <0.001 | Alcohol use (life time) | | | | | Yes | 50 (69.4) | 22 (30.6) | 4.37 (2.49, 7.67) | <0.001 | No | 89 (34.2) | 171 (65.8) | 1 | | Khat use (lifetime) | | | | | Yes | 82 (53.9) | 70 (46.1) | 2.53 (1.61, 3.95) | <0.001 | No | 57 (31.7) | 123 (68.3) | 1 | | Cigarette smoking (lifetime) | | | | | Yes | 37 (66.1) | 19 (33.9) | 3.32 (1.81, 6.08) | <0.001 | No | 102 (37.0) | 174 (63.0) | 1 | | Cannabis/shisha/ganja use(life time) | | | | | Yes | 17 (81.0) | 4 (19.0) | 6.58 (2.16, 20.03) | 0.001 | No | 122 (39.2) | 189 (60.8) | 1 | |
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