|
| Cell type | Clinical trials in CVD treatment | Main effect of cell therapy | Improvement strategy (indicated whether tested in clinical trials or in vivo) | Main outcome of improvement strategy |
|
| HSCs and EPCs | PERFECT [165] | No improvement (slight improvement in responder group) | In vivo: delivery by polymer micro-bundle scaffold [166] | Enhanced cell survival and retention |
| REGENT [167] | Slight improvement | In vivo: pretreatment with deacetylase inhibitor [168] | Enhanced CXCR4 and VEGF level, increased vessel formation in ischemic muscle |
| ACT34-CMI [169] | Improved exercise tolerance | | |
|
| MSCs | | | Clinical trial (CELLWAVE): cardiac shock wave pretreatment [170] | Improved retention, increased LVEF and cardiac remodeling |
| C-Cure [133] | Improvement of LVEF and 6 min walk distance | Clinical trial: (C-CURE; CHART I/II) cell preconditioning with procardiogenic cytokines | Increased LVEF |
| Chart I/II [171] | No improvement, ongoing (CHART II) | In vivo: ultrasound-mediated delivery [92] | Increased engraftment, improved cardiac remodeling and function |
| | | In vivo: pharmacological activation of Rap1 [116] | Improved homing capacity and cardiogenic differentiation, increased cardiac performance |
| | | In vivo: miR-146-based modification [157] | Augmented VEGF secretion, improved cardiac remodeling and angiogenesis, improved heart function |
|
| CSCs | SCIPIO [17] | Improvement of LVEF, reduced infarct size | In vivo: injection with VEGF-loaded scaffold [69] | Enhanced microvessel formation |
| ALLSTAR (NCT01458405) | Ongoing | In vivo: magnetic-based delivery [71] | Increased cell retention and angiogenesis |
| CAREMI [172] | Ongoing | In vivo: hypoxic preconditioning [99] | Increased LVEF, decreased infarction size |
|
| CDCs | PERSEUS [173] | Reduced scar size, improved LVEF | In vivo: encapsulation into hydrogel [57] | Increased cell retention and LVEF, augmented angiogenesis |
| CADUCEUS [174] | Reduced scar size | In vivo: magnetic targeting [72] | Enhanced cell retention and engraftment, reduced scar size |
|
| ESCs | 1 patient (application of ESC-derived cardiac progenitors) [9] | Improvement of LVEF and 6 min walk distance | In vivo: cells loaded on fibrin scaffold [175] | Improved cardiac function, enhanced angiogenesis |
| | ESCORT (NCT02057900) | Ongoing (recruiting) | | |
|
| iPSCs | Not yet tested in clinical trials for CVDs | | In vivo: modification with miR-495 mimic [160] | Enhanced angiogenesis |
|
