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Disease | Linkage to ER stress | References |
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Type 2 diabetes | (i) Obesity induces ER stress (ii) Hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia induce ER stress (iii) Free fatty acids (palmitate) induce beta cell apoptosis (iv) Deletion of CHOP improves beta cell function and survival | [31, 34, 98, 119, 127, 142, 288] |
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Atherosclerosis | (i) Oxidized lipids induce ER stress (ii) Hyperhomocysteinemia induces ER stress (iii) Cholesterol loading induces ER stress-mediated cell death (iv) Reduced plaque necrosis in mice lacking CHOP | [289–295] |
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | (i) Forced GRP78 expression reduces hepatic steatosis in mice (ii) ER stress activates cholesterol and triglyceride biosynthesis (iii) Hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia induce ER stress | [296–299] |
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Alcoholic liver disease | (i) Alcohol induces ER stress | [32, 300, 301] |
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Heart disease | (i) ER stress contributes to cardiac myocyte apoptosis (ii) Activation of ER stress in infarcted mouse heart (iii) GRP78 and GRP94 protect against ischemic injury | [302–308] |
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HBV and HCV infection | (i) HBV induces GRP78 and GRP94 (ii) HCV suppresses IRE1/XBP1 pathway | [309–312] |
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Alzheimer’s disease | (i) Mutant presenilin 1 induces ER stress (ii) Mutant presenilin 1 sensitizes to ER stress-induced apoptosis (iii) AD brains show ER stress features | [313–318] |
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Parkinson’s disease | (i) Parkin expression impacts ER stress (ii) ATF4 leads to increase in parkin expression | [317–321] |
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Huntington disease | (i) Polyglutamine induces ER stress (ii) ER stress markers are present in postmortem HD brain | [322–327] |
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | (i) Mutant SOD1 activates ER stress (ii) Mutant SOD1 interferes with ERAD (iii) ER stress markers detected in spinal cord of ALS patients | [318, 328–330] |
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Prion disease | (i) ER stress markers detected in brains affected with prions (ii) ER chaperones are involved in regulation of misfolded prion protein | [331–334] |
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Cancer | (i) Tumor-specific microenvironment activates ER stress (ii) Cancer cells display chronic display of ER stress markers (iii) Knockdown of GRP78 or of CHOP affects chemosensitivity | [83, 97, 151, 222, 335–337] |
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