A QR Code Secret Hiding Scheme against Contrast Analysis Attack for the Internet of Things

Table 4

Comparison of related QR code schemes.

Methods	[6, 19]	[7, 8]	[9, 11, 12]	[10]	[14, 16]	Proposed
Applications	Image hiding	Image hiding	Watermarking	Watermarking	Secret hiding	Secret hiding
Embedding domain	Frequency	Spatial	Frequency	Spatial	Spatial	Spatial
Computational complexity	High	Low	High	Low	Low	Low
Module-based	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
Robustness of secret	High	Low	High	High	High	High
Against contrast analysis attack	-	-	-	-	No	Tes