TOAST Subtypes of Ischemic Stroke and Its Risk Factors: A Hospital-Based Study at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia

Table 2

Risk factors among ischemic stroke subtypes.

Risk factors	Large artery atherosclerosis		Small vessel disease		Cardio embolic		Other etiologies		Undetermined etiology
	n (%)	p-value	n (%)	p-value	n (%)	p-value	n (%)	p-value	n (%)	p-value
Males	85 (60,7)	0.55	40 (61,5)	0,64	3 (60)	0,67	0 (0)	0,17	11 (47,8)	0,25
Females	55 (39,7)		25 (38,5)		2 (40)		2 (100)		12 (52,2)
Age > 65 years	53 (37,9)	0,25	20 (30,8)	0,41	2 (40)	0,57	0 (0)	0,42	7 (30,4)	0,64
Hypertension	118 (84,3)	0,66	60 (92,3)	0,023	4 (80)	0,6	1 (50)	0,3	13 (56,5)	<0,001
Diabetes	77 (55)	0,016	27 (41,5)	0,19	0 (0)	0,06	1 (50)	0,74	9 (39,1)	0,34
Dyslipidemia	72 (51,4)	0,77	32 (49,2)	0,79	0 (0)	0,028	1 (50)	0,74	14 (60,9)	0,3
MI	9 (6,4)	0,46	2 (3,1)	0,31	1 (20)	0,25	0 (0)	0,89	1 (4,3)	0,79
AF	3 (2,1)	0,46	0 (0)	0,14	3 (60)	<0,001	0 (0)	0,95	0 (0)	0,41

Chi-square test; Fisher’s exact test.