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Model | Coupling method | Model mechanism | Main results |
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Equivalent circuit model, Hachisuka et al. [44] | Cap-HBC & Gal-HBC | Four-terminal circuit model with six impedances | Higher gain in Cap-HBC |
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Multilayer tissue model, Wegmueller [41] | Gal-HBC | Equivalent Cole-Cole circuits | Muscle conduct majority current |
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Distributed circuit model, Amparo Callejón et al. [37] | Cap-HBC & Gal-HBC | Lossy transmission line | Cap-HBC: bandpass gain in 1–100 MHz Gal-HBC: peak gain in 20–50 kHz |
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Circuit model, Kibret et al. [45] | Gal-HBC | Simplified layered tissue circuits | High-pass profile in gain in 0.2–10 MHz |
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Distributed RC model, Cho et al. [31] | Cap-HBC | Cascaded blocks of RC circuit | High-pass profile in gain in 0.1–100 MHz |
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FEM model, Xu et al. [35] | Cap-HBC | Body path with circuit model | High-pass gain in 10–100 MHz, body can reduce return path capacitance |
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FEM model, Callejon et al. [20] | Gal-HBC | Time-harmonic charge-continuity equation, Gauss’ law | Electric field mainly in outer layer of arm, electric current mainly in muscle layer, 20 dB attenuation with additional 5 cm channel length |
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FDTD model, Fujii et al. [19] | Cap-HBC | FDTD | TX GND electrode strengthen signal, electric field confined at the tip of arm |
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Quasistatic field model, Pun et al. [47] | Gal-HBC | Quasistatic field, Maxwell’s equation | High-pass gain in sub-MHz |
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Electromagnetic field model, Bae et al. [52] | Cap-HBC | Time harmonic electromagnetic field Maxwell’s equation | Near-field region: signal attenuation depend on , far field region: signal attenuation satisfy |
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