| Functionality | Control functions, APIs | Complementary technologies |
| Centralized control | Centralized/delegated control framework | NCP [12], BSD4.4 Routing Sockets [13], ForCES [14], PCE [16], OPENSIG [17], GSMP [18], 4D [19], Ethane [20], G/MPLS [15] |
| Network programmability | Low-level network abstraction | Active Networks [24], XMPP [26], DCAN [25] | High-level network abstraction | ALTO [27], I2RS [28], Cisco onePK [29] | Configuration API | NETCONF [30], SNMP [31], GeoPlex [32] |
| Virtualization | Network device virtualization and overlays | Tempest [33], VINI [34], Cabo [35], VXLAN [36], NVGRE [37], STT [38] |
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