Nucleonic Direct Urca Processes and Cooling of the Massive Neutron Star by Antikaon Condensations

<div>Theoretical cooling curves for the nonsuperfluid NS matter compared with the cooling of a nonsuperfluid 1.4 <svg height="12.0366pt" id="M209" style="vertical-align:-3.400701pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 18.4445 12.0366" width="18.4445pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M962 650H795L470 145L347 650H176L170 622C268 613 275 606 244 503L190 322C150 188 132 126 118 91C102 50 80 33 18 28L12 0H245L251 28C175 35 170 48 174 93C177 128 191 180 220 284L292 542H294C331 392 383 150 409 4H432L774 555H776L714 137C700 40 694 34 612 28L606 0H868L874 28C793 34 784 37 797 137L849 533C859 612 863 616 956 622L962 650Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.22,3.132)"><path d="M594 262C594 419 464 546 305 546S17 419 17 262S146 -22 305 -22S594 105 594 262ZM538 262C538 131 433 25 305 25S73 131 73 262S177 499 305 499S538 393 538 262ZM365 262C365 297 340 323 305 323C271 323 246 297 246 262C246 225 271 201 305 201C340 201 365 225 365 262Z"></path></g></svg> star with <svg height="12.5377pt" id="M210" style="vertical-align:-3.9018pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 16.1962 12.5377" width="16.1962pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M715 650H476L470 622C550 619 562 610 562 570C562 536 553 481 535 384L523 321C485 121 408 37 283 37C178 37 99 109 134 297L178 532C193 612 199 616 278 622L284 650H29L23 622C105 616 109 609 94 532L48 291C23 160 51 83 98 40C143 -1 202 -16 260 -16C321 -16 387 3 439 49C509 111 542 204 563 312L577 384C595 479 608 533 619 569C629 603 637 620 709 622L715 650Z"></path></g><rect height="0.484101" width="7.4583" x="8.60601" y="-4.0673"></rect><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.606,3.852)"><path d="M771 650H519L511 619L537 615C578 610 579 600 539 564C444 476 379 428 336 396C312 378 281 357 252 347L283 514C300 605 304 610 388 619L395 650H134L127 619C212 610 216 605 199 514L130 140C112 41 103 38 28 31L18 0H281L288 31C201 40 198 41 216 140L246 311C274 328 289 324 315 284C393 167 458 86 528 0H686L695 31C635 37 612 45 570 97C521 156 420 285 361 367L596 549C663 601 684 609 764 620L771 650Z"></path></g></svg> = 0 MeV. The initial time (t) = 50 years.</div>

Advances in Astronomy

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Figure 4

Figure 4: Nucleonic Direct Urca Processes and Cooling of the Massive Neutron Star by Antikaon Condensations 