Extradimensional models are achieving their highest popularity nowadays, among other reasons, because they can plausible explain some standard cosmology issues, such as the cosmological constant and hierarchy problems. In extradimensional models, we can infer that the four-dimensional matter rises as a geometric manifestation of the extra coordinate. In this way, although we still cannot see the extra dimension, we can relate it to physical quantities that are able to exert such a mechanism of matter induction in the observable universe. In this work we propose that scalar fields are those physical quantities. The models here presented are purely geometrical no matter the fact that Lagrangian is assumed and even the scalar fields are contained in the extradimensional metric. The results are capable of describing different observable cosmic features and yield an alternative to ultimately understand the extra dimension and the mechanism in which it is responsible for the creation of matter in the observable universe.

P. H. R. S. Moraes

R. A. C. Correa

The Importance of Scalar Fields as Extradimensional Metric Components in Kaluza-Klein Models

The short-period solar-type contact binary HH Boo was monitored photometrically for about 8 years. It is found that the CCD light curves in the <span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.0498209pt" id="M1" height="8.68572pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 7.94191 8.68572" width="7.94191pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-67" d="M578 512C578 619 494 650 387 650H140L134 622C219 615 223 609 210 542L127 119C112 40 104 34 23 28L17 0H235C317 0 387 7 444 33C515 65 564 122 564 195C564 289 495 335 412 352V354C505 373 578 422 578 512ZM486 510C486 422 423 367 314 367H257L294 565C299 591 305 602 315 608C324 614 339 617 362 617C421 617 486 595 486 510ZM466 200C466 100 393 35 296 35C222 35 198 51 212 127L250 333H303C388 333 466 303 466 200Z"/></g></svg>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2064009pt" id="M2" height="8.8423pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 9.35121 8.8423" width="9.35121pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-87" d="M697 650H468L461 623L492 619C539 613 547 605 518 546C481 471 367 264 278 116H276C239 278 197 500 186 567C180 604 185 613 226 619L252 623L260 650H24L17 623C78 617 92 613 108 533L216 -11H247C365 200 515 462 560 529C616 612 624 615 689 623L697 650Z"/></g></svg>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2064009pt" id="M3" height="8.8423pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 8.28119 8.8423" width="8.28119pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-83" d="M610 18C585 26 567 34 540 68C517 97 499 128 476 171C452 215 425 276 413 304C496 332 570 394 570 494C570 555 545 595 509 619S419 650 364 650H139L133 622C216 615 219 612 203 527L129 132C112 40 105 36 23 28L17 0H279L285 28C199 34 194 40 211 132L239 284H284C320 284 334 275 351 236C374 182 394 140 420 93C459 23 495 -1 592 -8H600L610 18ZM480 485C480 424 449 372 403 342C374 323 338 316 293 316H245L291 562C296 589 301 601 311 608S337 618 358 618C432 618 480 575 480 485Z"/></g></svg>,</span> and <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.0498209pt" id="M4" height="8.68572pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 5.68448 8.68572" width="5.68448pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-74" d="M405 650H141L135 622C222 616 230 610 215 535L133 116C118 41 113 33 29 28L23 0H289L295 28C209 33 205 40 219 116L298 535C312 609 317 616 399 622L405 650Z"/></g></svg> bands obtained in 2010 are symmetric, while the multicolor light curves observed in 2011 and 2012 by several investigators showed a positive O’Connell effect where the maxima following the primary minima are higher than the other ones. This indicates that the light curve of the solar-type contact binary is variable. By analyzing our multicolor light curves with the Wilson-Devinney code (W-D code), it is confirmed that HH Boo is a W-type shallow-contact binary system with a mass ratio of <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" id="M5" height="9.39034pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 6.50656 9.39034" width="6.50656pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-114" d="M474 429L457 433C435 440 389 448 367 448C348 448 323 446 309 443C266 434 195 406 148 366C78 307 23 210 23 101C23 35 55 -12 92 -12C118 -12 146 1 196 35C247 70 311 130 346 173H348L281 -148C268 -211 256 -221 208 -229L191 -232L187 -257L433 -245L437 -219L411 -216C357 -210 350 -205 362 -140L427 207C447 315 461 381 474 429ZM387 387C379 337 363 262 355 236C318 180 201 57 142 57C126 57 112 81 112 128C112 205 150 321 220 376C244 395 280 403 312 403C345 403 370 396 387 387Z"/></g></svg> = 1.703(31) and a degree of contact factor of <svg 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transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><path id="g113-51" d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.48,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.444,0)"><path id="g113-57" d="M249 635C141 635 70 555 70 471C70 401 114 353 179 316C143 294 106 267 90 252C68 231 45 202 45 157C45 50 130 -12 237 -12C322 -12 435 52 435 169C435 256 372 304 303 343C349 374 375 398 383 407C401 429 411 458 411 487C411 569 344 635 249 635ZM238 603C285 603 337 567 337 482C337 422 310 385 276 358C205 393 145 426 145 500C145 552 179 603 238 603ZM248 20C183 20 125 70 125 163C125 218 158 268 206 300C284 261 355 217 355 143C355 66 308 20 248 20Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.684,0)"><path id="g113-55" d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.029,0)"><path id="g121-35" d="M594 629L561 652L159 -9L190 -32L594 629ZM194 635C92 635 49 534 49 453C49 374 92 272 193 272C295 272 338 374 338 454S295 635 194 635ZM193 605C257 605 265 504 265 453C265 405 257 302 194 302C133 302 122 403 122 454S133 605 193 605ZM567 351C465 351 421 250 421 169C421 90 465 -12 566 -12S710 90 710 170S667 351 567 351ZM566 322C628 322 637 221 637 169C637 121 628 18 567 18S494 119 494 170C494 223 506 322 566 322Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.857,0)"><path id="g113-41" d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 -170L300 -147Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.355,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.595,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.559,0)"><path id="g113-56" d="M447 623H65C61 580 56 530 47 475H76C100 541 106 550 172 550H388C308 376 196 170 91 -1L98 -12L172 -2C268 204 360 408 455 611L447 623Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,57.801,0)"><path id="g113-52" d="M285 378C315 398 338 416 353 432C373 451 384 474 384 503C384 579 325 635 236 635H235C182 635 136 610 108 579L65 516L85 496C110 533 150 575 205 575C258 575 300 543 300 481C300 407 232 369 141 339L147 310C163 315 188 321 211 321C268 321 338 284 338 192C338 94 288 40 217 40C160 40 119 68 93 91C85 98 77 97 69 91C60 84 47 71 46 58C44 46 48 35 62 22C75 10 116 -12 162 -12C234 -12 424 62 424 224C424 297 373 359 285 376V378Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,64.12,0)"><use xlink:href="#g121-35"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,73.948,0)"><path id="g113-42" d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z"/></g></svg>.</span> By including 109 new determined times of light minimum together with those compiled from the literature, it is detected that the <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="19.924pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499308pt" id="M8" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 19.924 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-80" d="M699 369C699 549 575 666 407 666C186 666 23 488 23 278C23 101 145 -16 312 -16C535 -16 699 153 699 369ZM600 373C600 210 500 19 321 19C186 19 120 129 120 272C120 450 232 631 399 631C541 631 600 522 600 373Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.293,0)"><path id="g117-33" d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z"/></g></svg><span class="ibiop"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8.879pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499308pt" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="22.779183800000002 -8.6359 8.879 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.829,0)"><path id="g113-68" d="M645 631C614 643 545 666 457 666C215 666 23 519 23 283C23 90 158 -16 337 -16C412 -16 489 2 522 10C543 39 590 127 606 167L580 181C519 89 459 18 348 18C201 18 122 136 122 287C122 464 244 632 435 632C544 632 602 595 608 472L639 475C643 526 645 581 645 631Z"/></g></svg></span> diagram shows a cyclic oscillation with a period of <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.29108pt" id="M9" height="12.2532pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.96212 12.249 12.2532" width="12.249pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-85" d="M620 675H597C578 656 570 650 541 650H144C112 650 104 653 94 675H72C59 618 42 552 23 493L53 491C71 534 88 564 105 585C124 608 144 615 238 615H290L197 121C182 40 174 34 88 28L82 0H361L367 28C275 34 266 38 281 121L374 615H441C522 615 543 608 553 583C562 560 566 531 565 493L597 494C603 551 612 629 620 675Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.176,3.132)"><path id="g50-52" d="M290 377C321 398 342 415 358 430C378 450 389 473 389 502C389 578 329 635 238 635H237C184 635 137 610 109 578L64 515L88 493C112 529 154 573 208 573S303 542 303 482C303 409 233 370 141 341L149 308C165 313 190 319 215 319C272 319 341 283 341 193C342 98 292 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viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 15.3928 11.5564" width="15.3928pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-41"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.738,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-42"/></g></svg> d. The cyclic change may reveal the presence of an extremely cool third body orbiting the central binary.

Jia-jia He

Jing-jing Wang

New Photometric Investigation of the Solar-Type Shallow-Contact Binary HH Bootis

The initial parameters about resonant orbits in the Earth-Moon system were investigated in this study. Resonant orbits with different ratios are obtained in the two-body problem and planar circular restricted three-body problem (i.e., PCRTBP). It is found that the eccentricity and initial phase are two important initial parameters of resonant orbits that affect the closest distance between the spacecraft and the Moon. Potential resonant transition or resonant flyby may occur depending on the possibility of the spacecraft approaching the Moon. Based on an analysis of ballistic capture and flyby, the Kepler energy and the planet&#x2019;s perturbed gravitational sphere are used as criteria to establish connections between the initial parameters and the possible &#x201c;steady&#x201d; resonant orbits. The initial parameter intervals that can cause instability of the resonant orbits in the CRTBP are obtained. Examples of resonant orbits in 1:2 and 2:1 resonances are provided to verify the proposed criteria.

Li-Bo Liu

Ying-Jing Qian

Xiao-Dong Yang

Initial Parameter Analysis about Resonant Orbits in Earth-Moon System

The sensitivity of our pulsar observation system with typical integration time of 16 minutes has reached 0.4 mJy after we have upgraded the receiver cooling system of NanShan 25-m radio telescope (NSRT) at Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory (XAO) in 2002. About 280 pulsars were observed after the upgrade. The NanShan station pulsar data is transmitted to the data center at XAO headquarters via a 300Mb/s dedicated data link for long-term storage, and the remote backup is realized by synchronous data transmission between NanShan station and XAO headquarters. Metadata extraction, archiving, and releasing are completed by the data release servers which are located in XAO headquarters. At present, more than 84000 pulsar observation data files in the PSRFITS format have been released with a maximum file size of 1GB. XAO pulsar data online service provides cone search and multiobject constraint query. We have published our data based on Virtual Observatory (VO) standards. The online pulsar data service is registered in the International Virtual Observatory Alliance&#x2019;s Registry. Users can access the data through common VO tools.

Hailong Zhang

Markus Demleitner

Jie Wang

Na Wang

Jun Nie

Jianping Yuan

The XinJiang Astronomical Observatory NSRT Pulsar Data Archive

Based on Tsallis holographic dark energy model recently proposed by using the general model of the Tsallis entropy expression, we reconstruct cosmographic parameters, <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="9.347pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" id="M2" height="12.7178pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 9.347 12.7178"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-114" d="M474 429L457 433C435 440 389 448 367 448C348 448 323 446 309 443C266 434 195 406 148 366C78 307 23 210 23 101C23 35 55 -12 92 -12C118 -12 146 1 196 35C247 70 311 130 346 173H348L281 -148C268 -211 256 -221 208 -229L191 -232L187 -257L433 -245L437 -219L411 -216C357 -210 350 -205 362 -140L427 207C447 315 461 381 474 429ZM387 387C379 337 363 262 355 236C318 180 201 57 142 57C126 57 112 81 112 128C112 205 150 321 220 376C244 395 280 403 312 403C345 403 370 396 387 387Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.383,0)"><path id="g113-45" d="M95 130C70 130 46 113 46 88C46 72 54 64 59 64C93 55 121 33 121 -3C121 -41 93 -68 44 -88L55 -117C117 -98 186 -56 186 22C186 91 131 130 95 130Z"/></g></svg><span class="ipunc"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8.465pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" height="12.7178pt" version="1.1" viewBox="11.4761838 -9.28833 8.465 12.7178"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.526,0)"><path id="g113-107" d="M394 607C394 634 378 655 350 655C315 655 294 620 294 594C294 564 314 546 339 546C372 546 394 574 394 607ZM360 349C373 414 374 448 351 448C321 448 249 404 183 338L197 313C223 336 265 367 276 367C285 367 283 355 275 313C241 129 220 23 189 -102C175 -158 153 -197 124 -197C106 -197 85 -187 70 -177C64 -173 51 -177 44 -183C34 -193 23 -209 23 -228C23 -244 46 -261 67 -261C86 -261 127 -245 181 -197C237 -147 279 -52 303 66L360 349Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.027,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-45"/></g></svg><span class="ipunc"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="9.556pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" height="12.7178pt" version="1.1" viewBox="22.120183800000003 -9.28833 9.556 12.7178"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.17,0)"><path id="g113-232" d="M484 406C484 429 465 448 438 448C400 448 352 405 302 356L156 213L191 373C195 391 197 404 197 416C197 436 191 448 178 448C151 448 83 406 23 350L37 328C67 350 101 369 109 369C114 369 115 362 111 344L29 -5L34 -12C63 -5 86 -1 111 3C124 73 137 138 147 161C165 180 189 202 206 217C215 194 249 111 275 57C304 -1 319 -12 342 -12C368 -12 405 -5 471 92L454 115C427 80 395 55 384 55C374 55 364 58 341 106L262 274C282 296 367 378 414 378C427 378 440 370 444 367C449 363 454 362 462 368C476 379 484 395 484 406Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.762,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-45"/></g></svg><span class="ipunc"></span><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="3.71pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" height="12.7178pt" version="1.1" viewBox="33.8551838 -9.28833 3.71 12.7178"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.905,0)"><path id="g113-109" d="M238 681C243 705 239 712 230 712C217 712 156 682 75 674L70 648H105C148 648 153 641 144 598L39 110C18 11 35 -12 55 -12C90 -12 166 36 221 103L205 125C174 93 130 65 118 65C112 65 108 68 114 96L238 681Z"/></g></svg>,</span></span> and we study their evolution in spatially flat (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17.063pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M3" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 17.063 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-111"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.432,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-36"/></g></svg><span class="ibiop"></span><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="6.416pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="19.9181838 -8.34882 6.416 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.968,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g></svg>)-</span></span>dimensional Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe using Granda-Oliveros scale. Our results show that the universe is in an accelerating expansion mode described by phantom-like behavior. We go further and study the state finder operators and the <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2064009pt" id="M4" height="8.8423pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 20.2077 8.8423" width="20.2077pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-80" d="M699 369C699 549 575 666 407 666C186 666 23 488 23 278C23 101 145 -16 312 -16C535 -16 699 153 699 369ZM600 373C600 210 500 19 321 19C186 19 120 129 120 272C120 450 232 631 399 631C541 631 600 522 600 373Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.779,0)"><path id="g113-110" d="M766 88L752 113C719 83 690 64 681 64C674 64 672 74 679 103L724 292C758 436 724 448 701 448C680 448 666 442 639 429C594 407 514 350 441 252H439L447 289C476 423 450 448 419 448C398 448 379 441 355 427C307 400 234 344 162 249H160L180 324C203 409 197 448 170 448C144 448 82 413 23 349L35 321C57 343 96 374 108 374C115 374 117 371 111 341C87 227 57 112 24 -6L32 -12C53 -4 81 4 108 6C119 68 134 128 149 171C177 229 309 383 364 383C387 383 388 355 373 282C354 190 330 92 303 -6L309 -12C332 -4 356 3 386 6C396 63 411 122 424 171C458 236 590 383 642 383C658 383 664 369 652 315L603 91C587 20 593 -12 619 -12C642 -12 708 23 766 88Z"/></g></svg> diagnostic to understand the behavior of our model. The stability of the system is also studied by using the square of speed of sound showing that our model is stable over the low range of red-shift considered. The results indicate that the entropy formalism will play an important role in understanding the dynamics of our universe.

Ayman A. Aly

Tsallis Holographic Dark Energy with Granda-Oliveros Scale in (<svg  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"   style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 26.3841 8.69875" width="26.3841pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-111" d="M495 86L479 114C446 82 419 66 409 66C401 66 401 72 406 97C420 166 436 231 453 297C489 435 454 448 428 448C406 448 384 439 354 422C305 394 222 327 161 247H159L183 345C200 415 194 448 173 448C143 448 82 410 23 351L38 325C64 349 95 371 105 371C111 371 116 365 109 336L25 -4L31 -12C50 -4 77 3 107 9C119 69 132 122 145 168C197 254 321 381 370 381C387 381 393 374 378 305L329 95C309 17 320 -12 345 -12C372 -12 430 19 495 86Z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.432,0)"><path id="g117-36" d="M535 230V280H323V490H265V280H52V230H265V-3H323V230H535Z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.968,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" /></g></svg>)-Dimensional FRW Universe

A review is given of hypothetical faster-than-light tachyons and the development of the author’s <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16.777pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M1" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 16.777 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-52" d="M285 378C315 398 338 416 353 432C373 451 384 474 384 503C384 579 325 635 236 635H235C182 635 136 610 108 579L65 516L85 496C110 533 150 575 205 575C258 575 300 543 300 481C300 407 232 369 141 339L147 310C163 315 188 321 211 321C268 321 338 284 338 192C338 94 288 40 217 40C160 40 119 68 93 91C85 98 77 97 69 91C60 84 47 71 46 58C44 46 48 35 62 22C75 10 116 -12 162 -12C234 -12 424 62 424 224C424 297 373 359 285 376V378Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.146,0)"><path id="g117-36" d="M535 230V280H323V490H265V280H52V230H265V-3H323V230H535Z"/></g></svg><span class="ibiop"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="6.415pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="19.6321838 -8.34882 6.415 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.682,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g></svg></span> model of the neutrino mass states, which includes one tachyonic mass state doublet. Published empirical evidence for the model is summarized, including an interpretation of the mysterious Mont Blanc neutrino burst from SN 1987A as being due to tachyonic neutrinos having <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="26.467pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499002pt" id="M2" height="11.9413pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 26.467 11.9413"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-110" d="M766 88L752 113C719 83 690 64 681 64C674 64 672 74 679 103L724 292C758 436 724 448 701 448C680 448 666 442 639 429C594 407 514 350 441 252H439L447 289C476 423 450 448 419 448C398 448 379 441 355 427C307 400 234 344 162 249H160L180 324C203 409 197 448 170 448C144 448 82 413 23 349L35 321C57 343 96 374 108 374C115 374 117 371 111 341C87 227 57 112 24 -6L32 -12C53 -4 81 4 108 6C119 68 134 128 149 171C177 229 309 383 364 383C387 383 388 355 373 282C354 190 330 92 303 -6L309 -12C332 -4 356 3 386 6C396 63 411 122 424 171C458 236 590 383 642 383C658 383 664 369 652 315L603 91C587 20 593 -12 619 -12C642 -12 708 23 766 88Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.257,-5.741)"><path id="g50-51" d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.836,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52.167pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499002pt" height="11.9413pt" version="1.1" viewBox="30.0481838 -11.5914 52.167 11.9413"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.098,0)"><path id="g117-33" d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.729,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.969,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,46.933,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.174,0)"><path id="g113-57" d="M249 635C141 635 70 555 70 471C70 401 114 353 179 316C143 294 106 267 90 252C68 231 45 202 45 157C45 50 130 -12 237 -12C322 -12 435 52 435 169C435 256 372 304 303 343C349 374 375 398 383 407C401 429 411 458 411 487C411 569 344 635 249 635ZM238 603C285 603 337 567 337 482C337 422 310 385 276 358C205 393 145 426 145 500C145 552 179 603 238 603ZM248 20C183 20 125 70 125 163C125 218 158 268 206 300C284 261 355 217 355 143C355 66 308 20 248 20Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.495,0)"><path id="g113-102" d="M391 364C391 409 353 448 295 448C249 448 198 426 152 393C65 331 23 225 23 139C23 14 96 -12 146 -12C198 -12 280 9 367 101L351 124C300 78 242 48 194 48C129 48 109 107 109 162V191C208 213 391 266 391 364ZM313 350C313 305 268 261 113 223C132 334 187 381 217 398C227 404 244 405 261 405C290 405 313 385 313 350Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,64.877,0)"><path id="g113-87" d="M697 650H468L461 623L492 619C539 613 547 605 518 546C481 471 367 264 278 116H276C239 278 197 500 186 567C180 604 185 613 226 619L252 623L260 650H24L17 623C78 617 92 613 108 533L216 -11H247C365 200 515 462 560 529C616 612 624 615 689 623L697 650Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,74.101,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g50-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,79.048,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g></svg><span class="ipunc"></span></span> This possibility requires an 8 MeV antineutrino line from SN 1987A, which a new dark matter model has been found to support. Furthermore, this dark matter model is supported by several datasets: <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.4294pt" id="M3" height="10.4342pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -7.0048 14.2967 10.4342" width="14.2967pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-225" d="M478 372C478 418 458 448 431 448C409 448 389 431 389 410C389 404 391 400 394 395C398 388 406 371 406 348C406 253 308 122 251 51H249C254 122 249 257 231 336C212 421 189 448 159 448C126 448 75 412 23 327L48 306C83 354 103 371 115 371C125 371 134 360 144 334C185 224 192 64 183 -19C146 -100 116 -202 110 -244L125 -261C154 -259 208 -234 222 -220C222 -194 225 -84 235 -23C247 -3 273 36 308 79C379 165 478 288 478 372Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.516,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-33"/></g></svg>rays from the galactic center, and the Kamiokande-II neutrino data on the day of SN 1987A. The KATRIN experiment should serve as the unambiguous test of the <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16.777pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M4" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 16.777 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.146,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-36"/></g></svg><span class="ibiop"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="6.415pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="19.6321838 -8.34882 6.415 8.69875"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.682,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g></svg></span> model and its tachyonic mass state.

Robert Ehrlich

Review of the Empirical Evidence for Superluminal Particles and the 3 + 3 Model of the Neutrino Masses

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<p><em>Advances in Astronomy</em> publishes in all areas of astronomy, astrophysics, and cosmology, and accepts observational and theoretical investigations into celestial objects and the wider universe.</p>


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<p>Chief Editor, Professor Trigo-Rodríguez (ICE, IEEC-CSIC), has a background in the formation of primitive solar system minor bodies, the study of their fragments in space and the analysis of their surviving rocks that arrived on the Earth.</p>


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Advances in Astronomy publishes in all areas of astronomy, astrophysics, and cosmology, and accepts observational and theoretical investigations into celestial objects and the wider universe.

Advances in Astronomy