A Closed-Loop Supply Chain Problem with Retailing and Recycling Competition

<table class="table-group" width="800px"><tr class="fig-image" id="a"><td><img alt="509825.fig.001a" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/aaa/volume-2014/509825/figures/509825.fig.001a.jpg"/></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td align="center"><table><tr><td><b>(a) </b>Coordinated collection (model <svg height="11.75" id="M4" style="vertical-align:-0.15048pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 12.1125 11.75" width="12.1125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.4)"><path d="M682 629q-1 -16 -1.5 -72t-2.5 -86l-31 -4q-5 92 -51 129t-139 37q-100 0 -177 -49t-116 -125t-39 -162q0 -122 66 -201t182 -79q83 0 137 42.5t112 128.5l26 -15q-12 -31 -42.5 -88t-45.5 -75q-139 -27 -199 -27q-148 0 -243 81.5t-95 226.5q0 173 129.5 274.5
t325.5 101.5q114 0 204 -38z" id="x1D436"></path></g>
</svg>)</td></tr></table></td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="b"><td><img alt="509825.fig.001b" src="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/aaa/volume-2014/509825/figures/509825.fig.001b.jpg"/></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td align="center"><table><tr><td><b>(b) </b>Decentralized collection (model <svg height="11.175" id="M5" style="vertical-align:-0.0pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.775 11.175" width="13.775" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.113)"><path d="M780 372q0 -191 -178 -297q-128 -75 -335 -75h-250l7 27q61 7 77 22t28 76l77 398q11 62 0 76.5t-77 22.5l6 28h292q164 0 258.5 -67.5t94.5 -210.5zM678 375q0 119 -73 180.5t-201 61.5q-62 0 -82 -13q-17 -7 -25 -53l-80 -427q-8 -47 -4 -62t26 -20q24 -6 80 -6
q166 0 262.5 95t96.5 244z" id="x1D437"></path></g>
</svg>)</td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<table>Closed-loop supply channel structures.</table>

Abstract and Applied Analysis

fig1

Figure 1

Figure 1: A Closed-Loop Supply Chain Problem with Retailing and Recycling Competition 