Determinants of Off-Farm Income among Smallholder Rice Farmers in Northern Ghana: Application of a Double-Hurdle Model

Table 1

Data description and summary statistics of the respondents.

Variable	Definition	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min.	Max.
Z	Participation in off-farm work (1 = yes)	0.427	0.495	0	1
Y	Off-farm income (GH¢) per year	1111	1398	0	6300
SEX	Sex of respondent (1 = male)	0.78	0.41	0	1
EXP	Years of farming experience	20.6	12.2	2	60
EDU	Education of respondent (years)	3.85	5.34	0	20
HSZ	Household size (number)	9.68	7.20	2	71
DIST	Market distance (kilometres)	7.99	4.30	2	18
REG	Regional dummy (1 = Northern)	0.33	0.48	0	1
CRED	Access to credit (1 = access)	0.40	0.49	0	1
DSPEC	Degree of specialization (%)	45.4	25.1	3.6	100