A Critical Review of Croton as a Multipurpose Nonedible Tree Plant for Biodiesel Production towards Feedstock Diversification for Sustainable Energy

Table 7

Catalysed transesterification of nonedible oils with optimized reaction variables.

Alcohol type	The molar ratio of alcohol to oil	Catalyst used	Catalyst amount (%)	Optimum reaction condition	Biodiesel yield (%)	References
Methanol	5 : 9:1	H2SO4	15	60°C 24h	99.8	[96]
Methanol	1 : 1	Rhizopus oryzae	4	30°C 60h	80	[97]
Ethanol	4 : 1	Pseudomonas cepacia	10	50°C 8h	98	[98]
Methanol	43 : 1	—		320°C 8.4 MPa 4h	100	[99]
Dimethyl carbonate	14 : 1	—		300°C 9 MPa 15h	97	[99]
Methanol	3 : 1	—		290°C 11 MPa 15h	99	[99]
Methanol	5 : 1	NaOH	1	60°C, 90 min	98	[100]
Methanol	4 : 2:1	NaOH	1.4	65°C, 120 min	90	[100]
Methanol	6 : 1	KOH	1	65°C, 60 min	99	[100]
Methanol	9 : 1	KOH	2	60°C, 120 min	95	[100]
Methanol	11 : 1	KOH	1.1	66°C, 120 min	93	[100]
Methanol	12 : 1	Alumina loaded with potassium nitrate	6	70°C, 360 min	84	[101]