Review Article
A Critical Review of Croton as a Multipurpose Nonedible Tree Plant for Biodiesel Production towards Feedstock Diversification for Sustainable Energy
Table 7
Catalysed transesterification of nonedible oils with optimized reaction variables.
| Alcohol type | The molar ratio of alcohol to oil | Catalyst used | Catalyst amount (%) | Optimum reaction condition | Biodiesel yield (%) | References |
| Methanol | 5 : 9:1 | H2SO4 | 15 | 60°C 24h | 99.8 | [96] | Methanol | 1 : 1 | Rhizopus oryzae | 4 | 30°C 60h | 80 | [97] | Ethanol | 4 : 1 | Pseudomonas cepacia | 10 | 50°C 8h | 98 | [98] | Methanol | 43 : 1 | — | | 320°C 8.4 MPa 4h | 100 | [99] | Dimethyl carbonate | 14 : 1 | — | | 300°C 9 MPa 15h | 97 | [99] | Methanol | 3 : 1 | — | | 290°C 11 MPa 15h | 99 | [99] | Methanol | 5 : 1 | NaOH | 1 | 60°C, 90 min | 98 | [100] | Methanol | 4 : 2:1 | NaOH | 1.4 | 65°C, 120 min | 90 | [100] | Methanol | 6 : 1 | KOH | 1 | 65°C, 60 min | 99 | [100] | Methanol | 9 : 1 | KOH | 2 | 60°C, 120 min | 95 | [100] | Methanol | 11 : 1 | KOH | 1.1 | 66°C, 120 min | 93 | [100] | Methanol | 12 : 1 | Alumina loaded with potassium nitrate | 6 | 70°C, 360 min | 84 | [101] |
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