Impact of Improved Forage Technology Adoption on Dairy Productivity and Household Income: A Propensity Score Matching Estimation in Northern Ethiopia

Table 6

Testing of covariate balance using the propensity score (evaluation of quality of match).

Covariates	Samples	Mean		% of bias	% reduction bias	value
		Treated	Controlled
Sex of the household head	Unmatched	0.84375	0.80105	11.2		0.073
	Matched	0.83621	0.56034	2.1	56.0	0.169
Age of the household head	Unmatched	42.609	45.503	−3.9		0.040
	Matched	42.069	39.595	10.4	14.5	0.193
Educational status	Unmatched	1.1563	0.58639	69.4		0.000
	Matched	1.1121	1.3448	−18.3	59.2	0.143
Farm size	Unmatched	2.2252	1.7718	50.6		0.000
	Matched	2.1701	2.3677	−2.0	56.4	0.127
Market distance	Unmatched	34.242	32.571	6.9		0.546
	Matched	33.845	25.474	4.4	40.8	0.672
Access to extension	Unmatched	0.9375	0.4293	130.1		0.000
	Matched	0.9310	0.9482	−4.4	96.6	0.583
Training	Unmatched	1.3672	1.5445	−6.1		0.002
	Matched	1.3793	1.3017	15.8	56.2	0.214
Filed day demonstration	Unmatched	0.5	0.03665	122.2		0.000
	Matched	0.4652	0.3607	17.3	77.7	0.111
Improved cattle owned	Unmatched	6.2344	3.0262	116.3		0.000
	Matched	5.6724	6.6379	−5.0	69.9	0.454
Farm income	Unmatched	1.0e + 05	54517	71.6		0.000
	Matched	93714	1.1e + 05	−17.8	75.2	0.189
(Figures in bold shows significant covariates)

The symbols , , and denote statistical significance at 10%, 5%, and 1% level, respectively. Source: computed from own survey (2021).