|
| Common name | Scientific name | Major bioactive compounds | Target insect species | References |
|
| Ginger | Zingiber officinale Roscoe | Shogaols, paradols, and zingerone | Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); Ephestia kuehniella (Zell.) | [43–46] |
| Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) |
|
| Turmeric | Curcuma longa L. | Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and curcuminoid | Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (lesser grain borer), Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) | [47–49] |
|
| Black pepper | Piper nigrum L. | Piperine, piperidines, and pyrrolidines | Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) | [50–52] |
|
| Black cumin | Nigella sativa L. | Thymoquinone, dithymoquinone, and thymohydroquinone | Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) | [53, 54] |
|
| Caraway | Carum carvi L. | (R)-carvone and D-limonene | Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) | [55, 56] |
|
| Clove | Syzygium aromaticum L. | 2-Methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-phenol and trans-caryophyllene | Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) | [57–59] |
| Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) |
| Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) |
|
| Cinnamon | Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume | Cinnamaldehyde and linalool | Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) and Sitophilus oryzae L. | [50, 60] |
| Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) |
|
| Cardamom | Elettaria cardamomum L. | 1,8-Cineol, α-terpinyl acetate, terpinene, and fenchyl alcohol | Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) | [61, 62] |
| Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius), Tribolium castaneum Herbst, and Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) |
|
| Rosemary | Rosmarinus officinalis L. | Camphor, α-thujone, 1,8-cineole | Sitophilus granarius (L.) | [63–66] |
| Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) |
|
| Garlic | Allium sativum L. | Diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide | Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) | [49, 50, 67] |
| Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) |
|
| Greater Galangal | Alpinia galanga L. | | Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) | [54, 68–70] |
| Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) |
| Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) |
|
