|
| Plant species | Major constituents of the active ingredient | Target insect species | Mode of activity | References |
|
| Acorus calamus (L.) | β-Asarone | Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) | Fumigation | [77] |
|
| Acorus gramineus (Ogon) | Z-asarone | Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) | Contact | [78] |
|
| Aegle marmelos (L.) | Limonene, Α pinene, sabinene, ocimene, and P-caryophyllene | Callosobruchus chinensis (L.), Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius), | Fumigation | [79] |
| Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) |
|
| Allium sativum L. (Garlic) | Methyl allyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide | Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) and | Fumigation | [80] |
| Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) |
|
| Alpinia conchigera (Griff) | 1,8-Cineole, β-pinene, α-pinene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and a-terpineol, 1,8-cineole | Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) | Fumigation | [66] |
| Annona reticulate (L.) | Anonaine | Callosobruchus chinensis (Linnaeus) | Contact | [81] |
| Polygonum hydropiper (L.) |
|
| Azadirachta indica (neem seed) | di-n-propyl disulfide | Tribolium castaneum | Contact/fumigant | [82] |
| Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus) |
|
| Azilia eryngioides (Pau) | Α-Pinene and bornyl acetate | Sitophilus granaries (L.) | Fumigation | [83] |
| Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) |
|
| Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth | Tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, glycosides, and alkaloids | Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) | Contact | [84, 85] |
|
| Carum carvi (Linnaeus) | Carvone and limonene | Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) | Contact/fumigant | [86] |
|
| Chamaecyparis obtuse (Endl.) | (+)-Limonene, myrcene | Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus) | Contact | [28] |
| α-phellandrene, α-pinene, bornyl acetate | Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) |
|
| Chenopodium ambrosioides (Lineu) | (Z)-ascaridole, 2-carene, rho-cymene, isoascaridole, and alphaterpinene | Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) | Fumigation | [87] |
|
| Cinnamomum aromaticum (Nees) | Cinnamaldehyde | Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) | Contact/fumigant | [88] |
|
| Cinnamomum camphora (Kapur) | D-camphor,1,8-cineole, α-terpineol,3-methyl-2-butenoic acid, oct-3-en-2-yl ester, safrole, linalool | Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius) | Contact, fumigant | [89–92] |
|
| Citrus aurantium (L.) | Limonene | Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) | Contact | [93] |
|
| Eruca sativa (Mill) | Chlorpyrifos | Rhizopertha dominica (Fabricius) | DNA damage | [94] |
|
| Coriander sativum (L.) | Eugenol, isoeugenol and methyl eugenol, linalool, camphor | Callosobruchus maculates (Fabricius) | Contact and fumigation | [95, 96] |
| Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) |
| Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) |
| Cryptolestes pusillus (Schönherr) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) |
|
| Curcuma longa (L.) (Turmeric) | Ar-turmerone coumaric acid | Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) | Contact | [24, 97] |
|
| Curcuma zedoaria (L.) | Camphor a-zingiberene, camphene, a-curcumene, and isoborneol | Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) | Fumigation | [66] |
|
| Elettaria cardamomum (L.) | Α-terpinyl acetate | Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) | Contact and fumigation | [61, 80, 91] |
| 1,8-Cineole | Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) |
| Linalyl acetate and sabinene |
| Eucalyptus spp. | 1,8 Cineole | Sitophilus oryzae (L.) | Fumigant | [98] |
|
| Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labiil) | 1–8-Cineole | Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus) | Repellent | [99, 100] |
|
| Evodia lenticellata (Huang) | Linalool, β-pinene, 3-carene, caryophyllene oxide, and β-caryophyllene (7.9%) | Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) | Fumigation contact and repellent | [101] |
| Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius) and Liposcelis bostrychophila (Badonnel) |
|
| Foeniculum vulgare (Mill) | Estragole, | Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus), Callosobruchus chinensis (L.), and Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius) | Contact and fumigation | [102] |
| (+)-fenchone and |
| (E)-anethole |
|
| Lantana camara (L.) | β-Caryophyllene | Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) | Contact/fumigation and repellent | [103–106] |
| α-humulene | Sitophilus granarius |
| cis-Caryophyllene | Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) |
|
| Lavandula angustifolia (Mill) | Linalool, 1,8-cineole, borneol, terpinen-4-ol | Sitophilus granarius (L.) | Contact/fumigation and repellent | [107] |
|
| Lippia alba (Mill) | Carvone chemotypes LA-13 and LA-57 | Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) | Contact/and repellent | [108, 109] |
|
| Lonchocarpus sp. | Rotenone | Sitophilus oryzae (L.) | Contact; stomach poison | [110] |
|
| Mentha suaveolens subsp. Timija (Briq.) | Menthone and pulegone | Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) | Contact | [111] |
|
| Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) | Flavonoids, rotenone isoflavonoids, chalcones, terpenoids | Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) | Contact | [85, 112, 113] |
| Tannins, saponins, steroids, glycosides, and alkaloids |
|
| Mentha piperita (L.) | Menthol, L-menthone, isomenthol, and limonene | Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius), and Liposcelis bostrychophila (Badonnel) | Fumigation, contact, and repellent activity | [114] |
|
| Ocimum basilicum (Labiatae) | Eugenol | Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) | Repellent/fumigation | [99, 100, 115] |
| Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus) |
| Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) |
|
| Ocimum canum (Sims) | Linalool | Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus) | Repellent | [116] |
|
| Ocimum kilimandscharicum (Labiatae) | Camphor | Sitophilus oryzae (L.) | Repellent | [117] |
|
| Ricinus communis (L.) | Ricin | Plutella xylostella (L.) | Contact or feeding | [118] |
|
| Securidaca longepedunculata (Fresen.) | Methyl salicylate | Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.), | Contact and repellent | [119] |
| Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius), and |
| Prostephanus truncates (Horn) |
|
| Tephrosia vogelii (Hook) | Rotenoids | Sitophilus zeamais | Contact | [105, 120] |
|
| Thujopsis dolabrata (Sieb) | Carvacrol | Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus), Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) | Contact; fumigant | [28] |
|
| Gnidia kraussiana (Meisn) | Terpenes | Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) | Contact and repellent | [121, 122] |
|
