Biomass from Paddy Waste Fibers as Sustainable Acoustic Material

<table>Microscopic view of samples (<svg height="11.125" id="M10" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 41.662498 11.125" width="41.662498" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><path d="M324 430l-26 -36l-112 -4l-55 -265q-13 -66 7 -66q13 0 44.5 20t50.5 40l17 -24q-38 -40 -85.5 -73.5t-87.5 -33.5q-50 0 -21 138l55 262h-80l-2 8l25 34h66l25 99l78 63l10 -9l-37 -153h128z" id="x1D461"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,10.568,10.862)"><path d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" id="x3D"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,25.272,10.862)"><path d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" id="x32"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,33.431,10.862)"><path d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105
q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" id="x30"></path></g>
</svg> mm) with different densities: (a) 2 grams and <svg height="16.0875" id="M11" style="vertical-align:-4.15504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 75.074997 16.0875" width="75.074997" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><path d="M516 277q0 -126 -140 -231q-36 -27 -75.5 -42.5t-63.5 -15.5q-38 0 -73 43q-10 -44 -18 -106q-18 -134 -32 -151q-12 -16 -40 -25t-46 -10l-5 14q22 38 84 406q16 92 44.5 146.5t88.5 95.5q68 47 136 47q63 0 101.5 -47.5t38.5 -123.5zM432 259q0 61 -27 101t-79 40
t-82 -49t-49 -148l-24 -127q42 -36 88 -36q79 0 126 61.5t47 157.5z" id="x1D70C"></path></g>
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,9.225,15.888)"><path d="M152 404l81 35q23 10 41 10q81 0 139 -61.5t58 -149.5q0 -107 -74.5 -178.5t-176.5 -71.5q-71 0 -147 36v555q0 48 -9.5 59.5t-56.5 15.5v23q79 10 145 35v-308zM152 374v-258q0 -20 6 -35q7 -19 30 -37t58 -18q63 0 99.5 50t36.5 137q0 82 -43.5 131t-108.5 49
q-44 0 -78 -19z" id="x62"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,15.139,15.888)"><path d="M518 50v-26q-32 -4 -77 -16l-37 -11t-33 -9l-6 6v71q-56 -42 -74 -52q-43 -25 -77 -25q-55 0 -89.5 36.5t-34.5 112.5v196q0 38 -6.5 48.5t-26.5 15.5l-28 6v23q19 1 72 7q59 9 71 11q-3 -31 -3 -145v-135q0 -113 88 -113q59 0 108 48v234q0 38 -8 49t-34 15l-36 6v23
q44 2 90 8q37 4 67 10v-334q0 -37 8.5 -47t38.5 -12z" id="x75"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,21.505,15.888)"><path d="M238 0h-223v26q48 5 60 17t12 61v473q0 50 -10.5 60.5t-58.5 15.5v24q73 8 148 35v-608q0 -49 11.5 -61t60.5 -17v-26z" id="x6C"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,24.574,15.888)"><path d="M513 0l-137 -2q-16 18 -164 198q-19 22 -31 22q-7 0 -16 -3v-111q0 -49 11.5 -61t60.5 -17v-26h-223v26q50 4 61.5 17t11.5 61v472q0 50 -10 61.5t-56 15.5v24q57 6 144 35v-471q37 7 63 35q31 31 71 88q16 23 10.5 31.5t-40.5 12.5v26l204 9v-25q-51 -8 -75 -19.5
t-54 -39.5q-31 -31 -86 -95q13 -21 70 -87.5t85 -95.5q48 -52 100 -55v-26z" id="x6B"></path></g>
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,35.838,10.862)"><path d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" id="x3D"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.524,10.862)"><path d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" id="x31"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,58.684,10.862)"><path d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" id="x31"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,66.843,10.862)"><path d="M447 623l8 -12l-283 -613l-74 -10l-7 11q174 283 297 551h-216q-48 0 -62.5 -12t-33.5 -63h-29q10 60 18 148h382z" id="x37"></path></g>
</svg> kg/m<sup>3</sup> and (b) 4 grams and <svg height="16.0875" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-4.15504pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 75.074997 16.0875" width="75.074997" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><path d="M516 277q0 -126 -140 -231q-36 -27 -75.5 -42.5t-63.5 -15.5q-38 0 -73 43q-10 -44 -18 -106q-18 -134 -32 -151q-12 -16 -40 -25t-46 -10l-5 14q22 38 84 406q16 92 44.5 146.5t88.5 95.5q68 47 136 47q63 0 101.5 -47.5t38.5 -123.5zM432 259q0 61 -27 101t-79 40
t-82 -49t-49 -148l-24 -127q42 -36 88 -36q79 0 126 61.5t47 157.5z" id="x1D70C"></path></g>
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,9.225,15.888)"><path d="M152 404l81 35q23 10 41 10q81 0 139 -61.5t58 -149.5q0 -107 -74.5 -178.5t-176.5 -71.5q-71 0 -147 36v555q0 48 -9.5 59.5t-56.5 15.5v23q79 10 145 35v-308zM152 374v-258q0 -20 6 -35q7 -19 30 -37t58 -18q63 0 99.5 50t36.5 137q0 82 -43.5 131t-108.5 49
q-44 0 -78 -19z" id="x62"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,15.139,15.888)"><path d="M518 50v-26q-32 -4 -77 -16l-37 -11t-33 -9l-6 6v71q-56 -42 -74 -52q-43 -25 -77 -25q-55 0 -89.5 36.5t-34.5 112.5v196q0 38 -6.5 48.5t-26.5 15.5l-28 6v23q19 1 72 7q59 9 71 11q-3 -31 -3 -145v-135q0 -113 88 -113q59 0 108 48v234q0 38 -8 49t-34 15l-36 6v23
q44 2 90 8q37 4 67 10v-334q0 -37 8.5 -47t38.5 -12z" id="x75"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,21.505,15.888)"><path d="M238 0h-223v26q48 5 60 17t12 61v473q0 50 -10.5 60.5t-58.5 15.5v24q73 8 148 35v-608q0 -49 11.5 -61t60.5 -17v-26z" id="x6C"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,24.574,15.888)"><path d="M513 0l-137 -2q-16 18 -164 198q-19 22 -31 22q-7 0 -16 -3v-111q0 -49 11.5 -61t60.5 -17v-26h-223v26q50 4 61.5 17t11.5 61v472q0 50 -10 61.5t-56 15.5v24q57 6 144 35v-471q37 7 63 35q31 31 71 88q16 23 10.5 31.5t-40.5 12.5v26l204 9v-25q-51 -8 -75 -19.5
t-54 -39.5q-31 -31 -86 -95q13 -21 70 -87.5t85 -95.5q48 -52 100 -55v-26z" id="x6B"></path></g>
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,35.838,10.862)"><path d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" id="x3D"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.524,10.862)"><path d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" id="x32"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,58.684,10.862)"><path d="M285 378v-2q65 -13 102 -54.5t37 -97.5q0 -57 -30.5 -104.5t-74 -75t-85.5 -42t-72 -14.5q-31 0 -59.5 11t-40.5 23q-19 18 -16 36q1 16 23 33q13 10 24 0q58 -51 124 -51q55 0 88 40t33 112q0 64 -39 96.5t-88 32.5q-29 0 -64 -11l-6 29q77 25 118 57.5t41 84.5
q0 45 -26.5 69.5t-68.5 24.5q-67 0 -120 -79l-20 20l43 63q51 56 127 56h1q66 0 107 -37t41 -95q0 -42 -31 -71q-22 -23 -68 -54z" id="x33"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,66.843,10.862)"><path d="M456 178h-96v-72q0 -51 12.5 -62.5t72.5 -16.5v-27h-256v27q65 5 78 17t13 62v72h-260v28q182 271 300 426h40v-407h96v-47zM280 225v295h-2q-107 -148 -196 -295h198z" id="x34"></path></g>
</svg> kg/m<sup>3</sup> showing the size of the fibers and the pores.</table>

Advances in Acoustics and Vibration

Biomass from Paddy Waste Fibers as Sustainable Acoustic Material

Figure 3