Using a Module-Based Analysis Framework for Investigating Muscle Coordination during Walking in Individuals Poststroke: A Literature Review and Synthesis

Figure 4

Image and caption reproduced from Clark et al. [14]. Module muscle weightings and activation timing profiles identified when NNMF was performed using 4 modules in all paretic legs. Refer to Figure 3 for the meaning of gray and black bars and lines. Associations within each group for muscle weightings and activation timing profiles are quantified in Table 3, (c) and (d), respectively. (a) The low complexity subgroup had modules with independent composition (muscle weightings) but similar timing of modules 1, 2, and 4. (b) The category A moderate complexity subgroup had modules with independent composition but similar timing of modules 1 and 2. (c) The category B moderate complexity subgroup had modules with independent composition but similar timing of modules 1 and 4. (d) The high complexity subgroup had modules with independent composition and activation timing profiles that were less correlated than in the moderate and low complexity subgroups [14].

(a) Low complexity with 4 modules

(b) Moderate complexity (category a) with 4 modules

(c) Moderate complexity (category b) with 4 modules

(d) High complexity with 4 modules