The Influence of Backpack Weight and Hip Belt Tension on Movement and Loading in the Pelvis and Lower Limbs during Walking
Table 2
Mean range of motion (ROM) (°), peak ground reaction forces (GRF) (%BW), GRF integral (Ns/kg), and peak moment (Nm/kg), as well as the standard deviations (SD) during gait for the six backpack configurations. CC: cranio-caudal; AP: anterior-posterior; ML: medial-lateral; M: moment.
15 kg/30 N
15 kg/120 N
20 kg/30 N
20 kg/120 N
25 kg/30 N
25 kg/120 N
ROM foot flex-ex
33.1 (5.7)
33.4 (6.0)
32.9 (5.9)
33.2 (5.9)
33.7 (5.8)
35.1 (5.8)
ROM foot inv-ev
4.7 (1.0)
4.3 (0.9)
4.4 (0.8)
4.4 (0.9)
4.3 (1.1)
4.4 (0.9)
∗ROM knee flex-ex
59.9 (3.4)
60.0 (6.2)
58.3 (3.0)
58.1 (3.4)
57.5 (3.6)
56.7 (3.6)
ROM hip flex-ex
39.5 (6.3)
41.1 (9.5)
39.5 (7.6)
40.6 (8.3)
40.2 (6.2)
41.6 (8.2)
ROM pelvis tilt
5.2 (2.1)
5.2 (1.6)
5.3 (1.6)
5.2 (1.3)
5.2 (1.3)
5.3 (1.3)
ROM pelvis obli
4.2 (1.3)
4.6 (1.6)
4.3 (1.8)
4.4 (1.8)
4.1 (1.5)
4.5 (1.8)
∗ROM pelvis rot
6.2 (1.8)
5.5 (1.9)
5.1 (1.9)
5.0 (2.2)
4.7 (1.8)
5.4 (2.3)
∗GRF peak CC
142.6 (10)
143.8 (13.6)
148.2 (13.6)
148.8 (12.4)
155.7 (13.5)
157.1 (14.2)
∗GRF int CC
71.7 (3.7)
70.8 (4.5)
75.0 (5.1)
75.2 (4.1)
78.1 (5.1)
79.1 (5.5)
∗GRF peak AP
24.2 (4.2)
23.4 (3.5)
24.7 (5.0)
24.6 (4.8)
25.6 (4.9)
26.1 (5.0)
∗GRF intdec AP
−3.8 (1.0)
−3.7 (0.9)
−3.9 (1.0)
−3.9 (1.0)
−4.1 (1.0)
−4.1 (1.0)
∗GRF intacc AP
4.0 (0.6)
3.8 (0.6)
4.1 (0.8)
4.0 (0.8)
4.2 (0.8)
4.3 (0.8)
GRF peak ML
3.9 (2.3)
4.0 (1.7)
3.5 (1.9)
3.4 (1.9)
3.7 (1.6)
3.5 (2.0)
∗GRF integral ML
−2.1 (1.4)
−2.1 (1.6)
−2.3 (1.4)
−2.5 (1.6)
−2.3 (1.5)
−2.7 (1.6)
∗M knee peak
11.3 (2.8)
10.8 (2.5)
11.7 (3.4)
11.6 (3.1)
13.0 (3.5)
12.9 (3.6)
M hip peak
13.6 (3.1)
13.1 (3.3)
13.2 (2.5)
13.6 (3.4)
14.2 (3.0)
14.4 (3.2)
One-way ANOVA revealed a significant effect of independent variables (i.e., backpack weight and hip belt tension) on the resulting parameter.
