Numerical Investigation on Head and Brain Injuries Caused by Windshield Impact on Riders Using Electric Self-Balancing Scooters

Figure 1

Description of numerical models.

(a) Description of the baseline vehicle ESS accident scenario

(b) Solowheel ESS model

(c) Doublewheel ESS model

(d) Selected finite element (FE) vehicle model and simplified version

(e) Sectional view of the FE head model

(f) A typical head-windshield impact scenario