Development and Validation of an Age-Specific Lower Extremity Finite Element Model for Simulating Pedestrian Accidents

Table 3

The ligament material properties.

	Material parameters	The young (30 YO)	The elderly (70 YO)
Knee ligament	Density (kg/m^3)	1000	1000
	Volume modulus (GPa)	4.31	3.5
	C1	34.29	22.13
	C3	1.54	0.6
	C4	152.85	147.8
	C5	836.42	695.66
	Failure strain	0.45	0.263

C1: first Mooney-Rivlin constant; C3: constant scaling of the collagen exponential stresses; C4: constant controlling rate of the rise of collagen exponential stresses; C5: modulus of straightened collagen fibers.