A Review of Pediatric Lower Extremity Data for Pedestrian Numerical Modeling: Injury Epidemiology, Anatomy, Anthropometry, Structural, and Mechanical Properties

Table 15

Material properties of the adult human knee ligaments.

Ligament	Age range/average age (years)	Tangent modulus (MPa)	Tensile ultimate stress (MPa)	Tensile ultimate strain (%)	Reference
ACL	48–86	65.3 ± 24.0	13.3 ± 5.0	48.5 ± 11.9	[86]
	16–26	111 ± 26	37.8 ± 9.3	60.25 ± 6.78
	27	312.58	34.73	14.97	[88]
PCL
aPC	75	75	35.9 ± 15.2	18.0 ± 5.3	[87]
pPC	27	248 ± 119	24.4 ± 10.0	19.5 ± 5.4
	27	145 ± 69	37.94	15.86	[88]
LCL	27	362.12	35.75	13.35	[88]
MCL	62	332.2 ± 58.3	38.6 ± 4.8	17.1 ± 1.5	[85]
	62	11.0 ± 3.6	1.7 ± 0.5	11.7 ± 0.9

Load under transverse direction.