Comparison of Modular Control during Smash Shot between Advanced and Beginner Badminton Players

Table 1

Mean value of local VAF when advanced players had three synergies and novice players had two synergies. VAF: variance accounted for.

Muscle	VAF (mean ± SD)
Advanced players
Right rectus abdominis	0.892 ± 0.021
Left rectus abdominis	0.851 ± 0.079
Right external oblique	0.946 ± 0.055
Left external oblique	0.938 ± 0.084
Right internal oblique/transverse abdominis	0.967 ± 0.042
Left internal oblique/transverse abdominis	0.972 ± 0.041
Right erector spinae	0.811 ± 0.078
Left erector spinae	0.857 ± 0.056
Biceps brachii	0.811 ± 0.079
Triceps brachii	0.852 ± 0.084
Flexor digitorum profundus	0.925 ± 0.075
Flexor carpi radialis	0.906 ± 0.067
Flexor carpi ulnaris	0.871 ± 0.071
Novice players
Right rectus abdominis	0.857 ± 0.056
Left rectus abdominis	0.850 ± 0.032
Right external oblique	0.849 ± 0.082
Left external oblique	0.988 ± 0.014
Right internal oblique/transverse abdominis	0.985 ± 0.024
Left internal oblique/transverse abdominis	0.942 ± 0.049
Right erector spinae	0.863 ± 0.052
Left erector spinae	0.877 ± 0.060
Biceps brachii	0.854 ± 0.081
Triceps brachii	0.852 ± 0.065
Flexor digitorum profundus	0.964 ± 0.042
Flexor carpi radialis	0.913 ± 0.094
Flexor carpi ulnaris	0.902 ± 0.067