|
| References | Muscles | Geometries | Constitutive laws | Simulation | Validation |
|
| Beldie et al. [22] | 20 facial muscles | 1 patient, 3D geometries from MRI data | Linear elastic material ( kPa, ) | Maxillofacial surgery | In vivo postsurgery data (skin envelop) |
| Chabanas et al. [24] | 6 facial muscles | 6 patients, muscles modeled as embedded group elements | Fiber-based and orthogonal direction-based elastic material
( kPa and E-fiber = 110 kPa) | Bone repositioning | No |
| Büchler et al. [27] | Subscapularis, supra, and infraspinatus | Two human fresh frozen cadavers, 3D geometries from CT images | Hyperelastic, and incompressible material
MPa, | Internal and external rotations of the shoulders | No |
| Hedenstierna and Halldin [33] | Neck muscles | 1 healthy subject, 3D geometries from MRI data | Ogden hyperelastic, viscoelastic material (LS-DYNA FE code)
| Impact simulations | Resulting head and vertebral kinematics |
| Barbarino et al. [21] | 20 facial muscles | 1 healthy subject, 3D geometries from MRI data | Nonlinear elastic-viscoplastic model (6 parameters) (UMAT Abaqus) | Aging | In vivo MRI-based displacement |
| Avril et al. [28] | Calf muscles | 1 healthy subject, 2D geometries from MRI data | Hyperelastic material (Neo-Hookean model)
= [9.4–12.9] kPa
= [61–78] kPa | Compression garments | In vivo MRI measurement (deformed geometries) |
| Kim et al. [25] | Facial muscles | 4 patients, 3D geometries from atlas | Orthogonal elastic material
(E_acrossFiber = 0.79 MPa, E_alongFiber = 0.5 Mpa, ) | Cranio-maxillofacial (CMF) surgery | Postoperative CT scan data (distance map) |
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